Important agents of weathering for building and monumental stone
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Cited by (53)
Quantification and estimation of the durability of stones used as construction material more precisely by modification of static rock durability index
2022, Construction and Building MaterialsCitation Excerpt :Wetting-drying, freezing-thawing, heating–cooling and salt crystallization are the most destructive environmental factors that cause the deterioration of stones over time. Additionally, some physical effects like abrasion and stress are also responsible [38,39]. The effects of these factors on the stone might vary based on the locations and type of employment of the stones as construction material.
Wind-driven rain impinging on monuments and mountain slopes
2022, Journal of Cultural HeritageCitation Excerpt :The rate of the deterioration mechanisms is strictly linked to the material strength and the local climate, including the frequency of wetting and amount of rainwater that hits the monument surface. Several researchers have been engaged in the study of these deterioration mechanisms [15,44–61]. However, they found difficult to make a precise evaluation of the amount of water impinging on the monument surface, and assess a quantitative relationship with the erosion.
Multi O- and S-isotopes as tracers of black crusts formation under volcanic and non-volcanic atmospheric conditions in Sicily (Italy)
2021, Science of the Total EnvironmentCitation Excerpt :The similarity between the isotopic values (especially the δ34S) from Sicilian black crusts (this study) and those from other cities in Europe (Longinelli and Bartelloni, 1978; Buzek and Šrámek, 1985; Pye and Schiavon, 1989; Torfs et al., 1997; Siedel, 2000; Klemm and Siedel, 2002; Přikryl et al., 2004; Vallet et al., 2006; Kloppmann et al., 2011; Genot et al., 2020) suggests that similar sulphur sources contribute to the formation of their black crusts. This study thus confirms that in large urban areas, the black crust formation mostly results from anthropogenic sulphur emissions (Winkler, 1966; Massey, 1999; Bugini et al., 2000; Cardell-Fernández et al., 2002; Charola and Ware, 2002; Lefèvre and Ausset, 2002; Holynska et al., 2004; Přikryl et al., 2004; Barca et al., 2011; Kramar et al., 2011; Comite and Fermo, 2018; Farkas et al., 2018; La Russa et al., 2018; Genot et al., 2020). More interestingly, the present work broadens the study of black crusts to different and various atmospheric environments (urban, coastal, rural and volcanic areas), and show that anthropogenic emissions still remain the main source of black crust sulphur.
Thermal response of building stones contaminated with salts
2019, Construction and Building MaterialsCitation Excerpt :Sources of salts are diverse: they can originate from the material itself through its condition of formation (evaporites) or crafting (insufficiently crushed clinker, gypsum added to cement in too high concentration, wrong mixing or inappropriate aggregate choice). They can come from external sources through capillary rise of solutions rich in salts (natural salts or anthropic discharges such as sea spray or deicing salts for chlorides [10], pesticides, fertilizers for nitrates and sulfates) or through air pollution due to waste from the combustion of fossil fuels [2,11]. Sulfates, especially sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4) are known as the most aggressive salts [12], even though there are exceptions depending on the type of stones and experiments [13].
Stone
2018, Long-term Performance and Durability of Masonry Structures: Degradation Mechanisms, Health Monitoring and Service Life Design