Abstract
Self-healing materials have gained attention in recent years due to their unique ability to recover from damage without external intervention. This review provides an overview of the concept of self-healing, different types, including extrinsic and intrinsic, as well as their synthesis, mechanism of healing in the construction of vascular and capsular networks, and various applications of self-healing materials such as restoration of mechanical and barrier properties, corrosion protection, electronics, environment, and energy storage. The potential of self-healing materials to revolutionize various applications is highlighted. However, the review also highlights the challenges and limitations that must be overcome to fully realize the potential of self-healing materials in practice.
Graphical Abstract
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All the data related to manuscript is given in this article.
References
T. Song, B. Jiang, Y. Li, Z. Ji, H. Zhou, D. Jiang, I. Seok, V. Murugadoss, N. Wen, H. Colorado, Self-healing materials: a review of recent developments. ES Mater. Manuf. 14, 1–19 (2021)
F. Mashkoor, S.J. Lee, H. Yi, S.M. Noh, C. Jeong, Self-healing materials for electronics applications. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 23, 622 (2022)
F. Sun, L. Liu, T. Liu, X. Wang, Q. Qi, Z. Hang, K. Chen, J. Xu, J. Fu, Vascular smooth muscle-inspired architecture enables soft yet tough self-healing materials for durable capacitive strain-sensor. Nat. Commun. 14, 130 (2023)
E. Kolanthai, Y. Fu, U. Kumar, B. Babu, A.K. Venkatesan, K.W. Liechty, S. Seal, Nanoparticle mediated RNA delivery for wound healing. Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. Nanomed. NanoBiotechnol. 14, e1741 (2022)
D. Jayabalakrishnan, D.B.N. Muruga, K. Bhaskar, P. Pavan, K. Balaji, P.S. Rajakumar, C. Priya, R.A.B. Deepa, S. Sendilvelan, M. Prabhahar, Self-healing materials—a review. Mater. Today Proc. 45, 7195–7199 (2021)
B.J. Blaiszik, S.L.B. Kramer, S.C. Olugebefola, J.S. Moore, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Self-healing polymers and composites. Annu. Rev. Mater. Res. 40, 179–211 (2010)
X. Luo, P.T. Mather, Shape memory assisted self-healing coating. ACS Macro Lett. 2, 152–156 (2013)
X. Wang, Y. Li, J. Sun, Bioinspired self-healing coatings, in Handbook of Biomimetics Bioinspiration 1 Bioinspired Material. ed. by E. Jabbari, D.-H. Kim, L.P. Lee, A. Ghaemmaghami, A. Khademhosseini (World Scientific, 2014), pp.391–417
S.H. Pezzin, Mechanism of extrinsic and intrinsic self-healing in polymer systems, in Multifunctional Epoxy Resins: Self-healing Thermally and Electrically Conductive Resins. ed. by N. Hameed, J.C. Capricho, N. Salim, S. Thomas (Springer, 2023), pp.107–138
H. Pulikkalparambil, M.R. Sanjay, S. Siengchin, A. Khan, M. Jawaid, C.I. Pruncu, Self-repairing hollow-fiber polymer composites. Self-Healing Compos. Mater. (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817354-1.00017-X
J. Zheng, X.Y. Oh, E. Ye, W.H. Chooi, Q. Zhu, X.J. Loh, Z. Li, Self-healing polymer design from dynamic B–O bonds to their emerging applications. Mater. Chem. Front. 7, 381–404 (2023)
E.B. Stukalin, L.-H. Cai, N.A. Kumar, L. Leibler, M. Rubinstein, Self-healing of unentangled polymer networks with reversible bonds. Macromolecules 46, 7525–7541 (2013)
N. Wen, T. Song, Z. Ji, D. Jiang, Z. Wu, Y. Wang, Z. Guo, Recent advancements in self-healing materials: mechanicals, performances and features. React. Funct. Polym. 168, 105041 (2021)
M.R. Kessler, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Self-healing structural composite materials. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 34, 743–753 (2003)
Y. Yang, X. Ding, M.W. Urban, Chemical and physical aspects of self-healing materials. Prog. Polym. Sci. 49, 34–59 (2015)
K. Urdl, A. Kandelbauer, W. Kern, U. Müller, M. Thebault, E. Zikulnig-Rusch, Self-healing of densely crosslinked thermoset polymers—a critical review. Prog. Org. Coatings. 104, 232–249 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2016.11.010
V. Srivastava, M. Gupta, Parametric assessments of self-healing characteristics in AA2014–NiTi-based metallic composites through destructive and nondestructive evaluation. Russ. J. Nondestruct. Test. 56, 1064–1082 (2020)
Y.-K. Song, H.-W. Kim, C.-M. Chung, Repeatable self-healing of a protective coating based on vegetable-oil-loaded microcapsules. Polymers 14, 2013 (2022)
S. Mersagh Dezfuli, M. Sabzi, A study on the effect of presence of CeO2 and benzotriazole on activation of self-healing mechanism in ZrO2 ceramic-based coating. Int. J. Appl. Ceram. Technol. 15, 1248–1260 (2018)
J. Xu, X. Wang, J. Zuo, X. Liu, Self-healing of concrete cracks by ceramsite-loaded microorganisms. Adv. Mater. Sci. Eng. 2018, 1–8 (2018)
Y.J. Tan, G.J. Susanto, H.P. Anwar Ali, B.C.K. Tee, Progress and roadmap for intelligent self-healing materials in autonomous robotics. Adv. Mater. 33, 2002800 (2021)
M.D. Hager, P. Greil, C. Leyens, S. van der Zwaag, U.S. Schubert, Self-healing materials. Adv. Mater. 22, 5424–5430 (2010)
D.T. Everitt, R. Luterbacher, T.S. Coope, R.S. Trask, D.F. Wass, I.P. Bond, Optimisation of epoxy blends for use in extrinsic self-healing fibre-reinforced composites. Polymer 69, 283–292 (2015)
M.Q. Zhang, M.Z. Rong, Intrinsic self-healing of covalent polymers through bond reconnection towards strength restoration. Polym. Chem. 4, 4878–4884 (2013)
C.C. Su, J.S. Chen, Self-healing polymeric materials. Key Eng. Mater. 727, 482–489 (2017)
K.S. Toohey, N.R. Sottos, J.A. Lewis, J.S. Moore, S.R. White, Self-healing materials with microvascular networks. Nat. Mater. 6, 581 (2007)
M. Naebe, M.M. Abolhasani, H. Khayyam, A. Amini, B. Fox, Crack damage in polymers and composites: a review. Polym. Rev. 56, 31–69 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2015.1078352
D.G. Bekas, K. Tsirka, D. Baltzis, A.S. Paipetis, Self-healing materials: a review of advances in materials, evaluation, characterization and monitoring techniques. Compos. Part B Eng. 87, 92–119 (2016)
M.R. Kessler, Self-healing: a new paradigm in materials design. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part G: J. Aerosp. Eng. 221, 479–495 (2007)
Y.C. Yuan, T. Yin, M.Z. Rong, M.Q. Zhang, Self healing in polymers and polymer composites: concepts, realization and outlook: a review. Express Polym. Lett. 2, 238–250 (2008). https://doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2008.29
D.Y. Wu, S. Meure, D. Solomon, Self-healing polymeric materials: a review of recent developments. Prog. Polym. Sci. 33, 479–522 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2008.02.001
R.S. Trask, H.R. Williams, I.P. Bond, Self-healing polymer composites: mimicking nature to enhance performance. Bioinspir. Biomim. 2, P1 (2007)
R.P. Wool, Self-healing materials: a review. Soft Matter 4, 400–418 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1039/B711716G
L. Guadagno, M. Raimondo, C. Naddeo, P. Longo, Application of self-healing materials in aerospace engineering, in Self-healing Polymers: From Principles to Applications. ed. by W.H. Binder (Wiley, 2013)
M. Qi, R. Yang, Z. Wang, Y. Liu, Q. Zhang, B. He, K. Li, Q. Yang, L. Wei, C. Pan, Bioinspired self-healing soft electronics. Adv. Funct. Mater. 33, 2214479 (2023)
B. Parameswaran, N.K. Singha, Self-healing composites: capsule-and vascular-based extrinsic self-healing systems, in Toughened Composites: Micro and Macro Systems. ed. by S. Bandyopadhyay, R. Gujjala (CRC Press, 2022), pp.203–216
G. Cui, C. Zhang, A. Wang, X. Zhou, X. Xing, J. Liu, Z. Li, Q. Chen, Q. Lu, Research progress on self-healing polymer/graphene anticorrosion coatings. Prog. Org. Coatings. 155, 106231 (2021)
M. Kosarli, G. Foteinidis, K. Tsirka, D.G. Bekas, A.S. Paipetis, Concurrent recovery of mechanical and electrical properties in nanomodified capsule-based self-healing epoxies. Polymer 227, 123843 (2021)
V.K. Thakur, M.R. Kessler, Self-healing polymer nanocomposite materials: a review. Polymer 69, 369–383 (2015)
W.H. Binder, Self-healing polymers: from principles to applications (John Wiley & Sons, 2013)
H. Zhu, S. Zhou, Z. Yan, J.W. Ju, Q. Chen, A two-dimensional micromechanical damage-healing model on microcrack-induced damage for microcapsule-enabled self-healing cementitious composites under tensile loading. Int. J. Damage Mech. 24, 95–115 (2015)
E. Ahn, H. Kim, S.-H. Sim, S. Shin, M. Shin, Principles and applications of ultrasonic-based nondestructive methods for self-healing in cementitious materials. Materials 10, 278 (2017)
W. Tang, O. Kardani, H. Cui, Robust evaluation of self-healing efficiency in cementitious materials—a review. Constr. Build. Mater. 81, 233–247 (2015)
S.R. White, N.R. Sottos, P.H. Geubelle, J.S. Moore, M.R. Kessler, S.R. Sriram, E.N. Brown, S. Viswanathan, Autonomic healing of polymer composites. Nature 409, 794–797 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1038/35057232
K. Van Tittelboom, N. De Belie, Self-healing in cementitious materials—a review. Materials (Basel). 6, 2182–2217 (2013)
J.-F. Su, J. Qiu, E. Schlangen, Stability investigation of self-healing microcapsules containing rejuvenator for bitumen. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 98, 1205–1215 (2013)
C.K. Yeom, S.B. Oh, J.W. Rhim, J.M. Lee, Microencapsulation of water-soluble herbicide by interfacial reaction: I—characterization of microencapsulation. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 78, 1645–1655 (2000)
E.N. Brown, M.R. Kessler, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, In situ poly (urea-formaldehyde) microencapsulation of dicyclopentadiene. J. Microencapsul. 20, 719–730 (2003)
J.D. Rule, E.N. Brown, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, J.S. Moore, Wax-protected catalyst microspheres for efficient self-healing materials. Adv. Mater. 17, 205–208 (2005)
C. Suryanarayana, K.C. Rao, D. Kumar, Preparation and characterization of microcapsules containing linseed oil and its use in self-healing coatings. Prog. Org. Coatings. 63, 72–78 (2008)
H. Jin, C.L. Mangun, D.S. Stradley, J.S. Moore, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Self-healing thermoset using encapsulated epoxy-amine healing chemistry. Polymer 53, 581–587 (2012)
M.W. Keller, S.R. White, N.R. Sottos, A self-healing poly (dimethyl siloxane) elastomer. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17, 2399–2404 (2007)
J. Yang, M.W. Keller, J.S. Moore, S.R. White, N.R. Sottos, Microencapsulation of isocyanates for self-healing polymers. Macromolecules 41, 9650–9655 (2008)
E. Manfredi, A. Cohades, I. Richard, V. Michaud, Assessment of solvent capsule-based healing for woven E-glass fibre-reinforced polymers. Smart Mater. Struct. 24, 15019 (2014)
H. Huang, G. Ye, Z. Shui, Feasibility of self-healing in cementitious materials—by using capsules or a vascular system? Constr. Build. Mater. 63, 108–118 (2014)
E.D. Rodriguez, X. Luo, P.T. Mather, Linear/network poly (ε-caprolactone) blends exhibiting shape memory assisted self-healing (SMASH). ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 3, 152–161 (2011)
I.P.S. Qamar, Development of 3D printed vascular networks for repeated self healing, (2017).
S.K. Ghosh, Self-healing Materials: Fundamentals, Design Strategies, and Applications (Wiley Online Library, 2009)
A.L. Yarin, M.W. Lee, S. An, S.S. Yoon, Self-Healing Nanotextured Vascular Engineering Materials (Springer, 2019)
A.R. Hamilton, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Self-healing of internal damage in synthetic vascular materials. Adv. Mater. 22, 5159–5163 (2010)
C.J. Hansen, W. Wu, K.S. Toohey, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, J.A. Lewis, Self-healing materials with interpenetrating microvascular networks. Adv. Mater. 21, 4143–4147 (2009)
H.R. Williams, R.S. Trask, A.C. Knights, E.R. Williams, A.I.P. Bond, Biomimetic reliability strategies for self-healing vascular networks in engineering materials. J. R. Soc. Interface. 5, 735–747 (2007)
I.L. Hia, V. Vahedi, P. Pasbakhsh, Self-healing polymer composites: prospects, challenges, and applications. Polym. Rev. 56, 225–261 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1080/15583724.2015.1106555
S.J. Garcia, Effect of polymer architecture on the intrinsic self-healing character of polymers. Eur. Polym. J. 53, 118–125 (2014)
S.J. Garcia, H.R. Fischer, Self-healing polymer systems: properties, synthesis and applications. In: Smart Polymers and their Applications. Elsevier, pp. 271–298 (2014)
D. Chen, D. Wang, Y. Yang, Q. Huang, S. Zhu, Z. Zheng, Self-healing materials for next-generation energy harvesting and storage devices. Adv. Energy Mater. 7, 1700890 (2017)
G. Thangavel, M.W.M. Tan, P.S. Lee, Advances in self-healing supramolecular soft materials and nanocomposites. Nano Converg. 6, 1–18 (2019)
R. Narayan, C. Laberty-Robert, J. Pelta, J. Tarascon, R. Dominko, Self-healing: an emerging technology for next-generation smart batteries. Adv. Energy Mater. 12, 2102652 (2022)
A.C.M. Silva, A.D. Moghadam, P. Singh, P.K. Rohatgi, Self-healing composite coatings based on in situ micro–nanoencapsulation process for corrosion protection. J. Coatings Technol. Res. (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11998-016-9879-0
M. Zhang, D. Xu, X. Yan, J. Chen, S. Dong, B. Zheng, F. Huang, Self-healing supramolecular gels formed by crown ether based host–guest interactions. Angew. Chemie Int. Ed. 51, 7011–7015 (2012)
X. Liu, X. Sheng, J.K. Lee, M.R. Kessler, Synthesis and characterization of melamine-urea-formaldehyde microcapsules containing ENB-based self-healing agents. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 294, 389–395 (2009)
W. Li, Z. Jiang, Z. Yang, N. Zhao, W. Yuan, Self-healing efficiency of cementitious materials containing microcapsules filled with healing adhesive: mechanical restoration and healing process monitored by water absorption. PLoS ONE 8, e81616 (2013)
S. Ataei, S.N. Khorasani, R.E. Neisiany, Biofriendly vegetable oil healing agents used for developing self-healing coatings: a review. Prog. Org. Coatings. 129, 77–95 (2019)
C. Li, J. Zuo, Self-healing polymers based on coordination bonds. Adv. Mater. 32, 1903762 (2020)
T.-W. Chuo, Y.-L. Liu, Preparation of self-healing organic–inorganic nanocomposites with the reactions between methacrylated polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes and furfurylamine. Compos. Sci. Technol. 118, 236–243 (2015)
M. Nadgorny, J. Collins, Z. Xiao, P.J. Scales, L.A. Connal, 3D-printing of dynamic self-healing cryogels with tuneable properties. Polym. Chem. 9, 1684–1692 (2018)
Y. Zhu, X.J. Ye, M.Z. Rong, M.Q. Zhang, Chapter 5–Self-healing fiber composites with a self-pressurized healing system, in Polymer-Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites and Their Applications. ed. by K. Song et al. (Elsevier, 2019), pp.137–156
Z.-X. Hu, X.-M. Hu, W.-M. Cheng, Y.-Y. Zhao, M.-Y. Wu, Performance optimization of one-component polyurethane healing agent for self-healing concrete. Constr. Build. Mater. 179, 151–159 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.05.199
S.A.W. Hayes, M. Zhang, J.F.R. Branthwaite, Self-healing of damage in fibre-reinforced polymer-matrix composites. J. R. Soc. Interface. 4, 381–387 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0209
M. Zeraati, M. Moghaddam-Manesh, S. Khodamoradi, S. Hosseinzadegan, A. Golpayegani, N.P.S. Chauhan, G. Sargazi, Ultrasonic assisted reverse micelle synthesis of a novel Zn-metal organic framework as an efficient candidate for antimicrobial activities. J. Mol. Struct. 1247, 131315 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131315
S.A. Hayes, F.R. Jones, K. Marshiya, W. Zhang, A self-healing thermosetting composite material. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 38, 1116–1120 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2006.06.008
X. Luo, R. Ou, D.E. Eberly, A. Singhal, W. Viratyaporn, P.T. Mather, A thermoplastic/thermoset blend exhibiting thermal mending and reversible adhesion. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 1, 612–620 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1021/am8001605
S.J. Kalista, T.C. Ward, Z. Oyetunji, Self-healing of poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers following projectile puncture. Mech. Adv. Mater. Struct. 14, 391–397 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1080/15376490701298819
S.J. Kalista, T. Ward, C, Thermal characteristics of the self-healing response in poly(ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers. J. R. Soc. Interface. 4, 405–411 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2006.0169
R.J. Varley, G.P. Parn, Thermally activated healing in a mendable resin using a non woven EMAA fabric. Compos. Sci. Technol. 72, 453–460 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2011.12.007
X. Chen, F. Wudl, A.K. Mal, H. Shen, S.R. Nutt, New thermally remendable highly cross-linked polymeric materials. Macromolecules 36, 1802–1807 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0210675
E. Selver, P. Potluri, C. Soutis, P. Hogg, Healing potential of hybrid materials for structural composites. Compos. Struct. 122, 57–66 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2014.11.027
D. Habault, H. Zhang, Y. Zhao, Light-triggered self-healing and shape-memory polymers. Chem. Soc. Rev. 42, 7244 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cs35489j
C. Zheng, Z. Huang, Microgel reinforced composite hydrogels with pH-responsive, self-healing properties. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 468, 327–332 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.12.060
S.C. Olugebefola, A.M. Aragón, C.J. Hansen, A.R. Hamilton, B.D. Kozola, W. Wu, P.H. Geubelle, J.A. Lewis, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Polymer microvascular network composites. J. Compos. Mater. 44, 2587–2603 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1177/0021998310371537
N.K. Guimard, K.K. Oehlenschlaeger, J. Zhou, S. Hilf, F.G. Schmidt, C. Barner-Kowollik, Current trends in the field of self-healing materials. Macromol. Chem. Phys. 213, 131–143 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1002/macp.201100442
G.O. Wilson, M.M. Caruso, S.R. Schelkopf, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, J.S. Moore, Adhesion promotion via noncovalent interactions in self-healing polymers. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 3, 3072–3077 (2011)
K. Guo, D.-L. Zhang, X.-M. Zhang, J. Zhang, L.-S. Ding, B.-J. Li, S. Zhang, Conductive elastomers with autonomic self-healing properties. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 54, 12127–12133 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201505790
R. Das, C. Melchior, K.M. Karumbaiah, Self-healing composites for aerospace applications. In: Advanced Composite Materials for Aerospace Engineering. Elsevier, pp. 333–364 (2016)
A. Cohades, C. Branfoot, S. Rae, I. Bond, V. Michaud, Progress in self-healing fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Adv. Mater. Interfaces. 5, 1800177 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.201800177
P. Zhang, G. Li, Advances in healing-on-demand polymers and polymer composites. Prog. Polym. Sci. 57, 32–63 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2015.11.005
J. He, X. Shi, Developing an abiotic capsule-based self-healing system for cementitious materials: the state of knowledge. Constr. Build. Mater. 156, 1096–1113 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.041
S. Van der Zwaag, A.M. Grande, W. Post, S.J. Garcia, T.C. Bor, Review of current strategies to induce self-healing behaviour in fibre reinforced polymer based composites. Mater. Sci. Technol. 30, 1633–1641 (2014)
U. Lafont, H. van Zeijl, S. van der Zwaag, Increasing the reliability of solid state lighting systems via self-healing approaches: a review. Microelectron. Reliab. 52, 71–89 (2012)
K.W. Shah, G.F. Huseien, Biomimetic self-healing cementitious construction materials for smart buildings. Biomimetics. 5, 47 (2020)
K. Chaudhary, B. Kandasubramanian, Self-healing nanofibers for engineering applications. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 61, 3789–3816 (2022)
J. Chen, Y. Huang, X. Ma, Y. Lei, Functional self-healing materials and their potential applications in biomedical engineering. Adv. Compos. Hybrid Mater. 1, 94–113 (2018)
W. Ma, Y. Li, S. Gao, J. Cui, Q. Qu, Y. Wang, C. Huang, G. Fu, Self-healing and superwettable nanofibrous membranes with excellent stability toward multifunctional applications in water purification. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 12, 23644–23654 (2020)
M.M. Caruso, B.J. Blaiszik, S.R. White, N.R. Sottos, J.S. Moore, Full recovery of fracture toughness using a nontoxic solvent-based self-healing system. Adv. Funct. Mater. 18, 1898–1904 (2008)
N.G. Cheng, A. Gopinath, L. Wang, K. Iagnemma, A.E. Hosoi, Thermally tunable, self-healing composites for soft robotic applications. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 299, 1279–1284 (2014)
G. Williams, R. Trask, I. Bond, A self-healing carbon fibre reinforced polymer for aerospace applications. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 38, 1525–1532 (2007)
H. Jin, G.M. Miller, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Fracture and fatigue response of a self-healing epoxy adhesive. Polymer 52, 1628–1634 (2011)
N.A. Siddiqui, R.S.C. Woo, J.-K. Kim, C.C.K. Leung, A. Munir, Mode I interlaminar fracture behavior and mechanical properties of CFRPs with nanoclay-filled epoxy matrix. Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf. 38, 449–460 (2007)
I.A. Ashcroft, D.J. Hughes, S.J. Shaw, Mode I fracture of epoxy bonded composite joints: 1—Quasi-static loading. Int. J. Adhes. Adhes. 21, 87–99 (2001)
T. Yin, M.Z. Rong, M.Q. Zhang, G.C. Yang, Self-healing epoxy composites—preparation and effect of the healant consisting of microencapsulated epoxy and latent curing agent. Compos. Sci. Technol. 67, 201–212 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2006.07.028
T. Yin, M.Z. Rong, M.Q. Zhang, J.Q. Zhao, Durability of self-healing woven glass fabric/epoxy composites. Smart Mater. Struct. 18, 74001 (2009)
T. Yin, L. Zhou, M.Z. Rong, M.Q. Zhang, Self-healing woven glass fabric/epoxy composites with the healant consisting of micro-encapsulated epoxy and latent curing agent. Smart Mater. Struct. 17, 15019 (2007)
R. Naciri, A review of the encapsulation strategy in structural self-healing materials, (2014).
H. Jin, K.R. Hart, A.M. Coppola, R.C. Gergely, J.S. Moore, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, W.H. Binder, Self-healing epoxies and their composites, in Self-healing Polymers: From Principles to Applications. ed. by W.H. Binder (Wiley, 2013)
F. Miccichè, H. Fischer, R. Varley, S. Van der Zwaag, Moisture induced crack filling in barrier coatings containing montmorillonite as an expandable phase. Surf. Coatings Technol. 202, 3346–3353 (2008)
R.C.R. Gergely, W.A. Santa Cruz, B.P. Krull, E.L. Pruitt, J. Wang, N.R. Sottos, S.R. White, Restoration of impact damage in polymers via a hybrid microcapsule–microvascular self-healing system. Adv. Funct. Mater. 28, 1704197 (2018)
R.J. Varley, S. van der Zwaag, Development of a quasi-static test method to investigate the origin of self-healing in ionomers under ballistic conditions. Polym. Test. 27, 11–19 (2008)
R.J. Varley, S. van der Zwaag, Towards an understanding of thermally activated self-healing of an ionomer system during ballistic penetration. Acta Mater. 56, 5737–5750 (2008)
S.J. Kalista Jr., T.C. Ward, Thermal characteristics of the self-healing response in poly (ethylene-co-methacrylic acid) copolymers. J. R. Soc. Interface. 4, 405–411 (2006)
J.L. Moll, S.R. White, N.R. Sottos, A self-sealing fiber-reinforced composite. J. Compos. Mater. 44, 2573–2585 (2010)
M. Cheng, Q. Fu, B. Tan, Y. Ma, L. Fang, C. Lu, Z. Xu, Build a bridge from polymeric structure design to engineering application of self-healing coatings: a review. Prog. Org. Coatings. 167, 106790 (2022)
C.I. Idumah, C.M. Obele, E.O. Emmanuel, A. Hassan, Recently emerging nanotechnological advancements in polymer nanocomposite coatings for anti-corrosion, anti-fouling and self-healing. Surfaces and Interfaces. 21, 100734 (2020)
H. Kim, A.L. Yarin, M.W. Lee, Self-healing corrosion protection film for marine environment. Compos. Part B Eng. 182, 107598 (2020)
N.S. Manam, W.S.W. Harun, D.N.A. Shri, S.A.C. Ghani, T. Kurniawan, M.H. Ismail, M.H.I. Ibrahim, Study of corrosion in biocompatible metals for implants: a review. J. Alloys Compd. 701, 698–715 (2017)
A.M. Madhusudhana, K.N. Mohana, Synthesis of self-healing inhibitor releasing nanocapsules blended phenol novolac resin for high performance anticorrosion coating. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 643, 128762 (2022)
T.-W. Chuo, J.-M. Yeh, Y.-L. Liu, A reactive blend of electroactive polymers exhibiting synergistic effects on self-healing and anticorrosion properties. RSC Adv. 6, 55593–55598 (2016)
J. Zheng, S. Wang, S. Zhang, W. Cai, L. Qiao, H. Chen, Y. Ying, W. Li, J. Yu, S. Che, A novel self-repairing hydrophobic composite coating for anti-corrosion protection of sintered Nd-Fe-B. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 22, 3020–3032 (2023)
A. Kumar, L.D. Stephenson, J.N. Murray, Self-healing coatings for steel. Prog. Org. Coatings. 55, 244–253 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2005.11.010
V. Sauvant-Moynot, S. Gonzalez, J. Kittel, Self-healing coatings: an alternative route for anticorrosion protection. Prog. Org. Coatings. 63, 307–315 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.porgcoat.2008.03.004
S.H. Cho, S.R. White, P.V. Braun, Self-healing polymer coatings. Adv. Mater. 21, 645–649 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200802008
A. Yabuki, R. Kaneda, Barrier and self-healing coating with fluoro-organic compound for zinc. Mater. Corros. 60, 444–449 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200805100
A. Yabuki, H. Yamagami, K. Noishiki, Barrier and self-healing abilities of corrosion protective polymer coatings and metal powders for aluminum alloys. Mater. Corros. 58, 497–501 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1002/maco.200604041
R.S. Trask, I.P. Bond, Biomimetic self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres. Smart Mater. Struct. 15, 704 (2006)
R.S. Trask, G.J. Williams, I.P. Bond, Bioinspired self-healing of advanced composite structures using hollow glass fibres. J. R. Soc. Interface. 4, 363–371 (2006)
V.C. Li, E. Herbert, Robust self-healing concrete for sustainable infrastructure. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 10, 207–218 (2012)
B.C.K. Tee, C. Wang, R. Allen, Z. Bao, An electrically and mechanically self-healing composite with pressure-and flexion-sensitive properties for electronic skin applications. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 825 (2012)
K. Van Tittelboom, N. De Belie, D. Van Loo, P. Jacobs, Self-healing efficiency of cementitious materials containing tubular capsules filled with healing agent. Cem. Concr. Compos. 33, 497–505 (2011)
J.A. Syrett, C.R. Becer, D.M. Haddleton, Self-healing and self-mendable polymers. Polym. Chem. 1, 978–987 (2010)
T. Huynh, P. Sonar, H. Haick, Advanced materials for use in soft self-healing devices. Adv. Mater. 29, 1604973 (2017)
Y.J. Tan, J. Wu, H. Li, B.C.K. Tee, Self-healing electronic materials for a smart and sustainable future. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces. 10, 15331–15345 (2018)
J. Fox, J.J. Wie, B.W. Greenland, S. Burattini, W. Hayes, H.M. Colquhoun, M.E. Mackay, S.J. Rowan, High-strength, healable, supramolecular polymer nanocomposites. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 5362–5368 (2012)
S. Papavinasam, R.W. Revie, Coatings for pipelines, in Coatings for Corrosion Protection Offshore Oil and Gas Operation Facilities, Marine Pipeline and Ship Structures, vol. 1035, ed. by C. Smith, T. Siewert, B. Mishra, D. Olson, A. Lassiegne (NIST Special Publication, 2004), p.178
Acknowledgements
The author Sapana Jadoun is grateful for the support of the National Research and Development Agency of Chile (ANID) for the project FONDECYT Postdoctoral 3200850.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author declare no conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jadoun, S. Synthesis, Mechanism, and Applications of Self-healing Materials. Biomedical Materials & Devices 2, 225–240 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-023-00107-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-023-00107-7