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Experimental and numerical investigation on the impact resistance of high-carbon low-alloy steel

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Abstract

Duplex high-carbon steel is widely used in ball mills in the form of grinding balls and thus subjected to impact loads during the normal operation of the mill. The influence of impact loading at different impact energies is investigated in this paper. Impact tests using a drop tower were performed in the regime of 100–150 J, and the mechanical response of the material was recorded. The deformation behaviour of the material was classified into two groups: (a) low-impact-energy regime (100–120 J) where the material bulged without fracture and (b) high-impact-energy regime (130–150 J) where the material faced catastrophic failure. An overall increase in the load-bearing capacity of the material was found with an increase in the impact energy. The energy–time curves exhibited both linear and nonlinear regions which were attributed to the nucleation and propagation of cracks. Shear bands were observed in the specimens which underwent catastrophic fracture (i.e. 130 J and above); however, significant changes in the features of shear bands were noticed with increase in the impact energy. Fracture surfaces displayed the presence of microvoids, dimples, knobby fracture and river pattern, thus indicating ductile as well as a brittle mode of failure. Transmission electron microscopy results revealed the presence of much finer nano-grains inside the shear bands as compared to the surrounding regions. Finite element simulations exhibited an increase in the shear stress with the propagation of shear bands during the ongoing deformation process.

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The raw/processed data required to reproduce these findings will be made available on request.

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported from the Australian Research Council’s Industrial Transformation Research Hub (ARC-ITRH) under the funding scheme (IH130200025). The authors acknowledge ARC Training Centre for Automated Manufacture of Advanced Composites (AMAC) and Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre (MWAC), UNSW Sydney for providing the mechanical and material characterisation facilities. The authors also acknowledge Dr. Matthew David (Centre Manager-AMAC) for his valuable suggestions while conducting the impact tests.

Funding

Funding for this study was obtained from the Australian Research Council’s Industrial Transformation Research Hub (ARC-ITRH) under the funding scheme (IH130200025).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    Amborish Banerjee & B. Gangadhara Prusty

  2. ARC Training Centre for Automated Manufacture of Advanced Composites (AMAC), School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    B. Gangadhara Prusty

  3. Electron Microscopy Unit, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    Qiang Zhu

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  1. Amborish Banerjee
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  2. B. Gangadhara Prusty
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  3. Qiang Zhu
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Contributions

AB performed the sample preparation, experiments, material characterisation, FEM simulations and data analysis. BGP designed the test matrix and supervised the study. QZ prepared the FIB specimen for TEM study and helped in the TEM investigation. AB wrote the manuscript, and all the authors discussed, edited and approved the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Amborish Banerjee.

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Banerjee, A., Prusty, B.G. & Zhu, Q. Experimental and numerical investigation on the impact resistance of high-carbon low-alloy steel. Archiv.Civ.Mech.Eng 20, 64 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-020-00066-6

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