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Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of exosomal microRNAs in renal cancer

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Abstract

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the tubular epithelial cells of the nephron. It has the highest mortality rate among urological cancers. There are no effective therapeutic approaches and no non-invasive biomarkers for diagnosis and follow‐up. Thus, suitable novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets are essential for improving RCC diagnosis/prognosis and treatment. Circulating exosomes such as exosomal microRNAs (Exo-miRs) provide non-invasive prognostic/diagnostic biomarkers and valuable therapeutic targets, as they can be easily isolated and quantified and show high sensitivity and specificity. Exosomes secreted by an RCC can exhibit alterations in the miRs’ profile that may reflect the cellular origin and (patho)physiological state, as a ‘‘signature’’ or ‘‘fingerprint’’ of the donor cell. It has been shown that the transportation of renal-specific miRs in exosomes can be rapidly detected and measured, holding great potential as biomarkers in RCC. The present review highlights the studies reporting tumor microenvironment-derived Exo-miRs with therapeutic potential as well as circulating Exo-miRs as potential diagnostic/prognostic biomarkers in patients with RCC.

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Abbreviations

BTG2:

B-cell translocation gene 2

CAFs:

Cancer-associated fibroblasts

CSS:

Cancer-specific survival

CSCs:

Cancer stem cells

ccRCC:

Clear-cell renal cell carcinoma

EMT:

Epithelial–mesenchymal transition

Exo-miRs:

Exosomal miRNAs

XPO5:

Exportin 5

ERK:

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase

5-FU:

5-Fluoro-uracil

HSPA5:

Heat‐shock protein 5

HuR:

Human antigen R

HIF1α:

Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha

IGF1R:

Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor

MSKCC:

Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center

miRs:

MicroRNA

OS:

Overall survival

JAK:

Janus kinase

MSCs:

Mesenchymal stem cells

NK:

Natural killer

PI3K:

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases

PTEN:

Phosphatase and tensin homolog

PFS:

Progression-free survival

RCC:

Renal cell carcinoma

RNF43:

Ring finger protein 43

SRMs:

Small renal masses

TIMP2:

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2

TME:

Tumor microenvironment

STAT:

Signaling transducer and activator of the transcription

SOCS4:

Suppressor of cytokine signaling 4

TNM:

Tumor size-node-metastasis

TAMs:

Tumor-associated macrophages

TCGA:

The Cancer Genome Atlas

TKI:

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors

VEGFA:

Vascular endothelial growth factor A

VEGFR2:

Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2

Wnt:

Wingless/integrated

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Funding

The Project was supported by the City and College Strategic Cooperation Project of Nanchong (No.18SXHZ0576) as well as the Scientific Research Foundation of Sichuan Provincial Health Commission, Grant/Award (No. 21PJ103).

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  1. Department of Urology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637000, China

    Xiaodong Yu, Zhongbo Du, Pingyu Zhu & Bo Liao

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BL and PZ contributed to the conception and design of the work. XY and ZD were contributors to the database search and preparing the manuscript. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Bo Liao.

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Yu, X., Du, Z., Zhu, P. et al. Diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic potential of exosomal microRNAs in renal cancer. Pharmacol. Rep 76, 273–286 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-024-00568-7

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