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Dolomitization and paleoenvironment of deposition of the Lower and Middle Rus Formation (Early Eocene, Dammam Dome, Eastern Saudi Arabia)

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Abstract

Dammam Dome Formation (Eastern Saudi Arabia) consists of carbonate rocks ranging in age from Paleocene to Eocene. The Rus Formation (Early Eocene) comprises almost 56 m of mixed carbonate-evaporite succession and is exposed in the Dammam Dome area. The present study integrates detailed field, outcrop spectral gamma-ray logging, petrographic microscope, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and advanced geochemical studies to decipher the facies of Rus Formation, the boundary between its Lower and Middle parts, and its possible reservoir potential. Heterogeneity is present from the megascopic to microscopic scale in both the Lower and Middle Rus Formation. This heterogeneity in the formation in terms of facies distribution patterns mainly reflects both dynamic and static controls on it. The Rus Formation is exposed in the Dammam Dome area, this allows us the opportunity to map and build a framework in terms of lithology, elemental chemistry, mineralogy, and spectral gamma-ray response, to check the facies variation and heterogeneity. The shallow burial of the Rus Formation and post-deposition changes made the carbonate succession highly dolomitized. The dolomitization in the Lower and Middle Rus is dissimilar and should have been formed by various diagenetic fluids. The geochemical elemental signatures of Ca, Mg, Mn, Ti, P, Fe, Sr, Ba, S, Y, and Zr show a peak at the boundary of Middle to Lower Rus. The Spectral Gamma Ray [SGR (U, Th, and K)] and illustrates eight different flooding surfaces. Macro-vuggs to micropores exist in relatively tight considered Rus Formation. The Rus Formation is characterized by a high percentage of dolomitic limestone, dolomitized marl, shale, and dolomite intercalations and calcarenite. There is a robust distinction in stratigraphy, lithology, sedimentary structures, petrography, mineralogy, elemental composition between the Lower and Middle Rus. The Rus Formation is characterized by the high dominance of dolomite-dominated structures in the lagoonal to sabkha environment for this mixed carbonate-evaporitic unit. The six lithofacies were deposited in a lagoonal, shoal to a tidal flat depositional environment with the minor clastic influx. Finally, the study has also pointed to understand the cyclicity and paleoenvironmental conditions that can aid in equivalent stratigraphic sections in the region.

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adopted from Aqrawi et al., 2006)

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The data used in this manuscript can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Notes

  1. A second version of this paper published in 1985 by U.S. Geological Survey.

  2. Carbonate grain content of coarse grained facies varies from 0 to 100% with many sand and gravel grade facies between 40 and 60% CaCO3. Existing nomenclature schemes pertain either to siliciclastic sediments (e.g. Folk 1980), or to carbonate sediments (e.g. Dunham 1962), and are not readily applicable to the mixed lithologies of the Rus Formation. To avoid confusion, carbonate-rich sand facies (≥ 50% CaCO3 grains) are referred to here as carbonate sand and carbonate-poor sand facies (≤ 50% CaCO3 grains) are referred to as siliciclastic sand (Haywick et al. 1992).

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to acknowledge the King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Saudi Arabia for providing the support and data contained in this research work. We thank Professor Maria Virgínia Alves Martins (Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Sedimentary Environments), Dr. Bilal Wadood (University of Swabi, Pakistan), and an anonymous reviewer who provided critical helpful comments and suggestions to our manuscript; nevertheless, we take full responsibility for our interpretation. The authors are much obliged to the Springer proofreading team for handling the work, sending reviews, and preparing the proof.

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This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan

    Syed Haroon Ali

  2. Geosciences Department, College of Petroleum and Geosciences, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia

    Osman M. Abdullatif

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Zohr University, Agadir, Morocco

    Mohamed Abioui

  4. School of Physics, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

    Yasir Bashir

  5. Institute of Geology, University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad, AJK, Pakistan

    Ali Wahid

  6. The Key Laboratory of Deep Oil and Gas, China University of Petroleum (East China), Dongying, People’s Republic of China

    Qamar Yasin

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Contributions

Syed Haroon Ali: Writing – original draft, Conceptualization, Data curation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Methodology, Visualization, Writing – review & editing. Osman M. Abdullatif: Supervision, Writing – original draft, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Mohamed Abioui: Writing – original draft, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Yasir Bashir: Writing – original draft, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Ali Wahid: Writing – original draft, Validation, Writing – review & editing. Qamar Yasin: Validation, Writing – original draft. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Syed Haroon Ali.

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Communicated by M. V. Alves Martins.

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Ali, S.H., Abdullatif, O.M., Abioui, M. et al. Dolomitization and paleoenvironment of deposition of the Lower and Middle Rus Formation (Early Eocene, Dammam Dome, Eastern Saudi Arabia). J. Sediment. Environ. 6, 267–285 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43217-021-00057-4

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