Abstract
Wildlife and livestock farms around the world have eradicated large predators, leaving an empty niche for mesopredators to occupy. In South Africa, black-backed jackals (Canis mesomelas) are a widely distributed mesopredator that actively prey on wildlife and livestock. Despite the documented economic losses often associated with livestock predation in South Africa and abroad, research in many areas of canid ecology has received little attention. Using standard isotopic analysis (SIA), we conducted inter-population and jackal–prey isotopic comparisons by analyzing the δ13C and δ15N signals of jackal scat and prey hair samples (livestock and rodents) collected in sites of varied human exposure across multiple seasons. C3 signals dominated our results despite the C4 grasslands that are characteristic of the study sites. Our results indicated inter-population variation with a C3/C4 mixed diet in reserve and livestock farm samples, and a C3 orientated diet in wildlife farm samples. There were significant differences in the δ13C between seasons in the livestock and wildlife farm populations but not in the reserve population. δ15N had strong support for inter-population differences and no support for seasonal variation. Jackal isotopic niche breadths differed between populations, overlapped moderately with rodent prey and indicated almost no overlap with livestock. Our results highlight the feeding plasticity of jackals and the impact of human activities on resource availability and the subsequent feeding choices in canids. Using SIA, we accurately determined that livestock form a limited, if not completely absent, constituent of certain jackal populations. We strongly encourage the complementary use of SIA in dietary studies and wildlife management practices.
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The datasets used and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Acknowledgements
Thanks to Nic Prinsloo and Cheryl and Anton Lombaard for letting us collect samples on their land. We extend our gratitude towards the GGHNP rangers, Prof Daryl Codron for his insight and use of his laboratory, Dr Grant Hall for the analysis of our samples, Bailey Mark Weiss for his assistance in the statistical analysis and Prof Bothma Visser for the use of his equipment.
Funding
NRF Research Development Grant RDYR160425162981; Afromontane Research Unit PhD bursary (2018–2019); NRF PhD grant MND190514436113 (2020).
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This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. Permission to conduct research in GGHNP was given by the Ethics Committee of the University of the Free State, no. UFS-AED2017/0007 and by GGHNP, no. LEROA1458. Permission to sample at Rebellie Wildlife Farm was granted by Nic Prinsloo, and at Grassmöhr Enterprises by Cheryl and Anton Lombaard.
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Botha, A.E., le Roux, A. Black-backed jackal niche analysis: a stable isotope approach to a generalist mesopredator. Mamm Biol 102, 405–415 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00241-7
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42991-022-00241-7