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An SOC-Based Switching Functions Double-Layer Hierarchical Control for Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids

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Abstract

In order to improve the control performance of state-of-charge (SOC) balance control and expand the application scenarios of SOC balance control, in this paper, an SOC-based switching functions double-layer hierarchical control is proposed for distributed energy storage systems in DC microgrids. Firstly, the switching functions in the primary layer of double-layer hierarchical control, which is defined as droop coefficient in the droop control, is divided into two SOC-related functions. The first one in the switching functions is a composite exponential function with power function and nonlinear function. The second one in the switching functions is a nonlinear function with a capacity balance factor. Since the composite function is very sensitive to the change of SOC, it can speed up the time of SOC balance. It plays a positive role in solving the rapid SOC balance problem between energy storage units. In addition, the nonlinear function with a capacity balance factor is designed to reduce the steady state deviation of SOC. Capacity balance factor is a weighting coefficient related to capacity, under which this control can ignore the limitation of capacity problem on SOC balance to expand the application scenarios. Secondly, a voltage restoration controller is introduced in the second layer of double-layer hierarchical control. The voltage restoration controller can compensate the voltage deviation caused by the primary layer, therefore, the bus voltage can maintain at the normal value. Finally, simulation results show the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed scheme.

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Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current study.

Abbreviations

U dci :

Output voltage of DC–DC converter

I oi :

Output current of the converter

kP-V :

Voltage loop proportional control gain

kP-I :

Current loop proportional control gain

SOC 0 i :

Initial value of the SOC

C ei :

Rated capacity of ESUi

U bi :

Output voltage of ESUi

w i :

Duty ratio

k :

SOC balance factor

A vg :

Average value of N SOCs

b :

Bus voltage deviation value

L b :

Inductor

R Lb :

Resistance

n :

Exponent of a power function

R Load :

Load resistance

P Load :

Load power

∆ V V :

Voltage compensation value

SOC:

State-of-charge

ESSs:

Energy storage systems

U Busnom :

Bus voltage nominal value of the DC microgrid

m i :

Droop coefficient

kI-V :

Voltage loop integral control gain

kI-I :

Current loop integral control gain

SOC i min :

Minimum value of the SOC

SOC i max :

Maximum value of the SOC

I bi :

Output current of ESUi

R 0 i :

Charging or discharging resistance

d :

SOC balance factor

C i :

Capacity balance factor

a :

Difference value of SOC between two ESUs

C/C b :

Capacitor

L :

Threshold value

U dcrefi :

Bus voltage value reference

\(\omega_{c}\) :

Cutting frequency of low pass filter

P PV :

Photovoltaic power

PV:

Photovoltaic

MPPT:

Maximum power point tracking

ESUs:

Energy storage units

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Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, grant number 61973070 and 62373089; by the Liaoning Revitalization Talents Program, grant numaber XLYC1802010; and by the Nature Science Foundation of Liaoning Province, grant number 2022JH25/10100008; and the SAPI Fundamental Research Funds, grant number 2018ZCX22.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Information Science and Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China

    Shu-Ran Wang, Zhan-Shan Wang & Xiao-Lu Ye

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  1. Shu-Ran Wang
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  2. Zhan-Shan Wang
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Contributions

S-RW: Writing—original draft; Software. Z-SW: Conceptualization; Methodology; Supervision; Validation. X-LY: Writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Zhan-Shan Wang.

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Wang, SR., Wang, ZS. & Ye, XL. An SOC-Based Switching Functions Double-Layer Hierarchical Control for Energy Storage Systems in DC Microgrids. J. Electr. Eng. Technol. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-024-01842-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-024-01842-7

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