Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Phenotypic and molecular characterization and complete genome sequence of a Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain isolated from cutaneous infection in an immunized individual

  • Bacterial and Fungal Pathogenesis - Research Paper
  • Published:
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Diphtheria is an infectious disease potentially fatal that constitutes a threat to global health security, with possible local and systemic manifestations that result mainly from the production of diphtheria toxin (DT). In the present work, we report a case of infection by Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a cutaneous lesion of a fully immunized individual and provided an analysis of the complete genome of the isolate. The clinical isolate was first identified by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry. The commercial strip system and mPCR performed phenotypic and genotypic characterization, respectively. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined by the disk diffusion method. Additionally, genomic DNA was sequenced and analyzed for species confirmation and sequence type (ST) determination. Detection of resistance and virulence genes was performed by comparisons against ResFinder and VFDB databases. The isolate was identified as a nontoxigenic C. diphtheriae biovar Gravis strain. Its genome presented a size of 2.46 Mbp and a G + C content of 53.5%. Ribosomal Multilocus Sequence Typing (rMLST) allowed the confirmation of species as C. diphtheriae with 100% identity. DDH in silico corroborated this identification. Moreover, MLST analyses revealed that the isolate belongs to ST-536. No resistance genes were predicted or mutations detected in antimicrobial-related genes. On the other hand, virulence genes, mostly involved in iron uptake and adherence, were found. Presently, we provided sufficient clinical data regarding the C. diphtheriae cutaneous infection in addition to the phenotypic and genomic data of the isolate. Our results indicate a possible circulation of ST-536 in Brazil, causing cutaneous infection. Considering that cases of C. diphtheriae infections, as well as diphtheria outbreaks, have still been reported in several regions of the world, studies focusing on taxonomic analyzes and predictions of resistance genes may help to improve the diagnosis and to monitor the propagation of resistant clones. In addition, they can contribute to understanding the association between variation in genetic factors and resistance to antimicrobials.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Zumla A, Hui DSC (2019) Emerging and reemerging infectious diseases: global overview. Infect Dis Clin North Am 33:xiii–xix. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.idc.2019.09.001

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. Dazas M, Badell E, Carmi-Leroy A, Criscuolo A, Brisse S (2018) Taxonomic status of Corynebacterium diphtheriae biovar Belfanti and proposal of Corynebacterium belfantii sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 68:3826–3831. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.003069

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. World Health Organization. Diphtheria - number of reported cases (2023) Diphtheria - number of reported cases. https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/diphtheria---number-of-reported-cases. Accessed 28 May 2023

  4. Zasada AA (2014) Antimicrobial Susceptibility and Treatment. In: Burkovski A (ed) Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Related Toxigenic Species. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7624-1_12

  5. Batista Araújo MR, Bernardes Sousa MÂ, Seabra LF, Caldeira LA, Faria CD, Bokermann S et al (2021) Cutaneous infection by non-diphtheria-toxin producing and penicillin-resistant Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain in a patient with diabetes mellitus. Access Microbiol 3:284. https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.0.000284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Pereira GA, Pimenta FP, Dos Santos FRW, Damasco PV, Hirata R, Mattos-Guaraldi AL (2008) Antimicrobial resistance among Brazilian Corynebacterium diphtheriae strains. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 103:507–510. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0074-02762008000500019

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Fraz Z, Litt D, Duncan J, Mann G, Pike R, Chand M et al (2019) Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans strains isolated in the UK between 2004–2017. Access Microbiol 1(1A):1. https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.ac2019.po0110

  8. Husada D, Soegianto SDP, Kurniawati IS, Hendrata AP, Irawan E, Kartina L et al (2019) First-line antibiotic susceptibility pattern of toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Indonesia. BMC Infect Dis 19:1049. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-019-4675-y

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  9. FitzGerald RP, Rosser AJ, Perera DN (2015) Non-toxigenic penicillin-resistant cutaneous C. diphtheriae infection: a case report and review of the literature. J Infect Public Health 8:98–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiph.2014.05.006

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. von Hunolstein C (2002) Penicillin tolerance amongst non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from cases of pharyngitis. J Antimicrob Chemother 50:125–128. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkf107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. Benamrouche N, Hasnaoui S, Badell E, Guettou B, Lazri M, Guiso N et al (2016) Microbiological and molecular characterization of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated in Algeria between 1992 and 2015. Clin Microbiol Infect 22:1005.e1-1005.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2016.08.013

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Paveenkittiporn W, Sripakdee S, Koobkratok O, Sangkitporn S, Kerdsin A (2019) Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobial susceptibility of outbreak-associated Corynebacterium diphtheriae in Thailand, 2012. Infect Genet Evol 75:104007. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104007

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Bernard K, Pacheco AL (2015) In Vitro Activity of 22 Antimicrobial Agents against Corynebacterium and Microbacterium Species Referred to the Canadian National Microbiology Laboratory. Clin Microbiol Newsl 37:187–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinmicnews.2015.11.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Schiller J, Groman N, Coyle M (1980) Plasmids in Corynebacterium diphtheriae and diphtheroids mediating erythromycin resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 18:814–821. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.18.5.814

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  15. Jellard CH, Lipinski AE (1973) Corynebacterium diphtheriae resistant to erytromicin and lincomycin. Lancet 301:156. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)90236-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Patey O, Bimet F, Emond JP, Estrangin E, Riegel Ph, Halioua B et al (1995) Antibiotic susceptibilities of 38 non-toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Antimicrob Chemother 36:1108–1110. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/36.6.1108

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Sharma NC, Efstratiou A, Mokrousov I, Mutreja A, Das B, Ramamurthy T (2019) Diphtheria. Nat Rev Dis Primers 5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41572-019-0131-y

  18. Santos LS, Sant’Anna LO, Ramos JN, Ladeira EM, Stavracakis-Peixoto R, Borges LLG et al (2015) Diphtheria outbreak in Maranhão, Brazil: microbiological, clinical and epidemiological aspects. Epidemiol Infect 143:791–798. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268814001241

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Truelove SA, Keegan LT, Moss WJ, Chaisson LH, Macher E, Azman AS et al (2020) Clinical and epidemiological aspects of diphtheria: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Clin Infect Dis 71:89–97. https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciz808

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Möller J, Kraner M, Sonnewald U, Sangal V, Tittlbach H, Winkler J et al (2019) Proteomics of diphtheria toxoid vaccines reveals multiple proteins that are immunogenic and may contribute to protection of humans against Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Vaccine 37:3061–3070. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.04.059

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Pimenta FP, Hirata R, Rosa ACP, Milagres LG, Mattos-Guaraldi AL (2008) A multiplex PCR assay for simultaneous detection of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and differentiation between non-toxigenic and toxigenic isolates. J Med Microbiol 57:1438–1439. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.2008/000414-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Brazilian Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (BrCAST) (2021) Método de Disco-Difusão para Teste de Sensibilidade aos Antimicrobianos. https://brcast.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/06-Método-de-Disco-Difusão-BrCAST-24-6-2021.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2023

  23. Brazilian Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (BrCAST) (2023) Tabelas de pontos de corte para interpretação de CIMs e diâmetros de halos. https://brcast.org.br/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Tabela-pontos-de-corte-BrCAST-15-03-2023.pdf. Accessed 26 May 2023

  24. Afgan E, Nekrutenko A, Grüning BA, Blankenberg D, Goecks J, Schatz MC et al (2022) The galaxy platform for accessible, reproducible and collaborative biomedical analyses: 2022 update. Nucleic Acids Res 50:W345–W351. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkac247

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Aziz RK, Bartels D, Best AA, DeJongh M, Disz T, Edwards RA et al (2008) The RAST Server: Rapid Annotations using Subsystems Technology. BMC Genomics 9:75. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-9-75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Jolley KA, Bliss CM, Bennett JS, Bratcher HB, Brehony C, Colles FM et al (2012) Ribosomal multilocus sequence typing: universal characterization of bacteria from domain to strain. Microbiology (N Y) 158:1005–1015. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.055459-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  27. Lee I, Ouk Kim Y, Park S-C, Chun J (2016) OrthoANI: an improved algorithm and software for calculating average nucleotide identity. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 66:1100–1103. https://doi.org/10.1099/ijsem.0.000760

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Tamura K, Stecher G, Kumar S (2021) MEGA11: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 11. Mol Biol Evol 38:3022–3027. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msab120

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  29. Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser 41:95–98

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  30. Bortolaia V, Kaas RS, Ruppe E, Roberts MC, Schwarz S, Cattoir V et al (2020) ResFinder 4.0 for predictions of phenotypes from genotypes. J Antimicrob Chemother 75:3491–3500. https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkaa345

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  31. Liu B, Zheng D, Zhou S, Chen L, Yang J (2022) VFDB 2022: a general classification scheme for bacterial virulence factors. Nucleic Acids Res 50:D912–D917. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkab1107

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Zhou X, Wang X, Wu H, Huang M, Wang S, Wang X et al (2022) Bacteremia complicated with pneumonia caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Infect Med 1:276–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2022.11.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Peixoto RS, Hacker E, Antunes CA, Weerasekera D, de Souza de Oliveira Dias AA, Martins CA et al (2016) Pathogenic properties of a Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain isolated from a case of osteomyelitis. J Med Microbiol 65:1311–1321. https://doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.000362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  34. de Santis A, Siciliano RF, Sampaio RO, Akamine M, Veronese ET, de Almeida Magalhaes FM et al (2020) Non-toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae infective endocarditis with embolic events: a case report. BMC Infect Dis 20:907. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-020-05652-w

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Lowe CF, Bernard KA, Romney MG (2011) Cutaneous diphtheria in the urban poor population of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada: a 10-year review. J Clin Microbiol 49:2664–2666. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00362-11

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Orouji A, Kiewert A, Filser T, Goerdt S, Peitsch WK (2012) Cutaneous diphtheria in a German man with travel history. Acta Derm Venereol 92:179–180. https://doi.org/10.2340/00015555-1216

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Levi LI, Barbut F, Chopin D, Rondeau P, Lalande V, Jolivet S et al (2021) Cutaneous diphtheria: three case-reports to discuss determinants of re-emergence in resource-rich settings. Emerg Microbes Infect 10:2300–2302. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2021.2008774

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Kates O, Starr K, Bourassa L (2020) The brief case: nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in a nonhealing wound. J Clin Microbiol 58(12):e00506-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00506-20

  39. Berih A (1995) Cutaneous Corynebacterium diphtheriae: a traveller’s disease? Can J Infect Dis 6:150–152. https://doi.org/10.1155/1995/646325

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Cockcroft WH, Boyko WJ, Allen DE (1973) Cutaneous infections due to Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Can Med Assoc J 108:329–331

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Rahman KM, Khan HM, Haq JA (1983) Incidence of cutaneous diphtheria in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull 9:49–53

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Zasada AA (2013) Nontoxigenic highly pathogenic clone of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Poland, 2004–2012. Emerg Infect Dis 19(11):1870–1872. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1911.130297

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  43. Wojewoda CM, Koval CE, Wilson DA, Chakos MH, Harrington SM (2012) Bloodstream infection caused by nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae in an immunocompromised host in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 50:2170–2172. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.00237-12

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  44. Pappenheimer AM, Murphy JR (1983) Studies on the molecular epidemiology of diphtheria. Lancet 322:923–926. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(83)90449-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Koopman JS, Campbell J (1975) The role of cutaneous diphtheria infections in a diphtheria epidemic. J Infect Dis 131:239–244. https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/131.3.239

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. De Benoist AC, White JM, Efstratiou A, Kelly C, Mann G, Nazareth B et al (2004) Imported cutaneous diphtheria, United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 10:511–513. https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1003.030524

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  47. Setiawaty V, Puspandari N, Saraswati RD, Febriyana D, Febrianti T, Rukminiati Y et al (2022) Whole-genome sequencing data of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolated from diphtheria outbreaks in Indonesia. Data Brief 43:108460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2022.108460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  48. Chorlton SD, Ritchie G, Lawson T, Romney MG, Lowe CF (2020) Whole-genome sequencing of Corynebacterium diphtheriae isolates recovered from an inner-city population demonstrates the predominance of a single molecular strain. J Clin Microbiol 58(2):e01651-19. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.01651-19

  49. Berger A, Dangel A, Schober T, Schmidbauer B, Konrad R, Marosevic D et al (2019) Whole genome sequencing suggests transmission of Corynebacterium diphtheriae-caused cutaneous diphtheria in two siblings, Germany, 2018. Euro Surveill 24:1800683. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2019.24.2.1800683

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  50. Hoefer A, Pampaka D, Herrera-León S, Peiró S, Varona S, López-Perea N et al (2021) Molecular and epidemiological characterization of toxigenic and nontoxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium belfantii, Corynebacterium rouxii, and Corynebacterium ulcerans isolates identified in Spain from 2014 to 2019. J Clin Microbiol 59(3):e02410-20. https://doi.org/10.1128/JCM.02410-20

  51. Hennart M, Panunzi LG, Rodrigues C, Gaday Q, Baines SL, Barros-Pinkelnig M et al (2020) Population genomics and antimicrobial resistance in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Genome Med 12:107. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13073-020-00805-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Lyman LR, Peng ED, Schmitt MP (2018) Corynebacterium diphtheriae iron-regulated surface protein HbpA is involved in the utilization of the hemoglobin-haptoglobin complex as an iron source. J Bacteriol 200(7):e00676-17. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00676-17

  53. Drazek ES, Hammack CA, Schmitt MP (2000) Corynebacterium diphtheriae genes required for acquisition of iron from haemin and haemoglobin are homologous to ABC haemin transporters. Mol Microbiol 36:68–84. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01818.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Billington SJ, Esmay PA, Songer JG, Jost BH (2002) Identification and role in virulence of putative iron acquisition genes from Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. FEMS Microbiol Lett 208:41–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-6968.2002.tb11058.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. Qian Y, Lee JH, Holmes RK (2002) Identification of a DtxR-regulated operon that is essential for siderophore-dependent iron uptake in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Bacteriol 184:4846–4856. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.184.17.4846-4856.2002

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  56. Kunkle CA, Schmitt MP (2005) Analysis of a DtxR-regulated iron transport and siderophore biosynthesis gene cluster in Corynebacterium diphtheriae. J Bacteriol 187:422–433. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.187.2.422-433.2005

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  57. Broadway MM, Rogers EA, Chang C, Huang IH, Dwivedi P, Yildirim S et al (2013) Pilus gene pool variation and the virulence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae clinical isolates during infection of a nematode. J Bacteriol 195:3774–3783. https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00500-13

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. Antunes CA, Sanches dos Santos L, Ott L, Hirata R, de Luna M das G, Burkovski A et al (2015) Characterization of DIP0733, a multi-functional virulence factor of Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Microbiology (N Y) 161:639–647. https://doi.org/10.1099/mic.0.000020

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Ott L, Höller M, Gerlach RG, Hensel M, Rheinlaender J, Schäffer TE et al (2010) Corynebacterium diphtheriae invasion-associated protein (DIP1281) is involved in cell surface organization, adhesion and internalization in epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 10:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2180-10-2

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  60. Kolodkina V, Denisevich T, Titov L (2011) Identification of Corynebacterium diphtheriae gene involved in adherence to epithelial cells. Infect Genet Evol 11:518–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2010.11.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Reardon-Robinson ME, Osipiuk J, Jooya N, Chang C, Joachimiak A, Das A et al (2015) A thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase of the Gram-positive pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae is essential for viability, pilus assembly, toxin production and virulence. Mol Microbiol 98:1037–1050. https://doi.org/10.1111/mmi.13172

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was supported by grants from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico—CNPq (309948/2018–5) and Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro—FAPERJ (E26/211.554/2019; E-26/202.087/2020; E- 26/205.900/2022).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Operational Technical Nucleus (Microbiology), Hermes Pardini Institute, Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Max Roberto Batista Araújo & Fernanda Diniz Prates

  2. Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Rio de Janeiro State University, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Juliana Nunes Ramos, Lincoln de Oliveira Sant’Anna, Ana Luiza Mattos-Guaraldi & Louisy Sanches dos Santos

  3. Center of Bacteriology, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Sérgio Bokermann, Claudio Tavares Sacchi, Karoline Rodrigues Campos & Carlos Henrique Camargo

  4. Strategic Laboratory, Adolfo Lutz Institute, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Marlon Benedito Nascimento Santos

  5. Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil

    Vasco Azevedo

  6. Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Diego Lucas Neres Rodrigues & Flávia Figueira Aburjaile

  7. Operational Technical Nucleus (Research and Development), Hermes Pardini Institute, Vespasiano, Minas Gerais, Brazil

    Luige Biciati Alvim

  8. Interdisciplinary Medical Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

    Verônica Viana Vieira

Authors
  1. Max Roberto Batista Araújo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Juliana Nunes Ramos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Lincoln de Oliveira Sant’Anna
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sérgio Bokermann
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Marlon Benedito Nascimento Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Ana Luiza Mattos-Guaraldi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Vasco Azevedo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Fernanda Diniz Prates
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  9. Diego Lucas Neres Rodrigues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  10. Flávia Figueira Aburjaile
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  11. Claudio Tavares Sacchi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  12. Karoline Rodrigues Campos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  13. Luige Biciati Alvim
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  14. Verônica Viana Vieira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  15. Carlos Henrique Camargo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  16. Louisy Sanches dos Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Louisy Sanches dos Santos.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Since the study was a retrospective analysis of laboratory data collected and no additional investigations were performed with a submitted specimen, no ethical approval was applied.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Araújo MRB et al. – Corynebacterium diphtheriae in an immunized individual.

Responsible Editor: Waldir P. Elias

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Araújo, M.R.B., Ramos, J.N., de Oliveira Sant’Anna, L. et al. Phenotypic and molecular characterization and complete genome sequence of a Corynebacterium diphtheriae strain isolated from cutaneous infection in an immunized individual. Braz J Microbiol 54, 1325–1334 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-01086-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-01086-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation