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Prevalence of AmpC, ESBL, and colistin resistance genes in Enterobacterales isolated from ready-to-eat food in Algeria

  • Food Microbiology - Research Paper
  • Published:
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Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance among bacteria present in ready-to-eat foods is an emerging concern. Hence, this study investigated the presence of extended-spectrum and AmpC β-lactamases (ESBL/AmpC)-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E) and the dissemination of mcr-1 in ESBL-E from ready-to-eat food samples (RTE) in Algeria. RTE food samples (n = 204) were aseptically collected and selectively cultured using MacConkey agar. The isolates were screened for ESBL production using the DDST test, confirmed ESBL-E isolates were identified using different conventional methods and MALDI-TOF MS, antibiotic susceptibility was determined using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution assay, ESBL-E isolates were analyzed for colistin and ESBL/AmpC encoding genes by PCR, and food samples were analyzed by univariate and multiple logistic regression. Overall, 48 (17.4%) of the 276 Enterobacterales were confirmed as ESBL producers, with a high prevalence in soups (40%), salads (25%), and cream-filled pastries (23.8%). Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that all the ESBL-E isolates were found multi-drug resistant. PCR revealed that blaTEM, blaCTX-M, blaCMY-2, blaOXA-1, and blaSHV were the most frequently detected. blaCTX-M-9 and blaCTX-M-1 were the predominant CTX-M types. Furthermore, four isolates were positive for mcr-1; three of them harbored the colistin resistance gene and ESBL/AmpC genes (2 E. cloacae and 1 S. enterica). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that detects the presence of the mcr-1 gene in ESBL-E strains isolated from RTE foods in Algeria. These findings suggest an urgent need for strict policies that prevent the spread and transmission of ESBL-E in food.

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Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

This study did not receive any funding. However, AIA received salaries from an Academy of Finland-funded project (WASTPAN-grant number 1339417).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Natural and Life Sciences, University of Batna 2, 05000, Batna, Algeria

    Nawel Zaatout & Amira Bouaziz

  2. Department of Food Hygiene and Environmental Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

    Ahmad I. Al-Mustapha & Annamari Heikinheimo

  3. Department of Veterinary Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ibadan, State, Oyo, Nigeria

    Ahmad I. Al-Mustapha

  4. Department of Veterinary Services, Kwara State Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Services, Ilorin, Nigeria

    Ahmad I. Al-Mustapha

  5. Laboratoire de Biotechnologie des Molécules Bioactives et de la Physiopathologie Cellulaire (LBMBPC), Batna, Algeria

    Amira Bouaziz

  6. Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Faculty of Nature and Life Sciences, University of Bejaia, 06000, Bejaia, Algeria

    Rima Ouchene

  7. Finnish Food Authority, Seinäjoki, Finland

    Annamari Heikinheimo

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  1. Nawel Zaatout
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ZN and AIA conducted laboratory analysis of samples, ZN wrote the manuscript, BA and OR edited the paper, and AH revised the article. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Nawel Zaatout.

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Zaatout, N., Al-Mustapha, A.I., Bouaziz, A. et al. Prevalence of AmpC, ESBL, and colistin resistance genes in Enterobacterales isolated from ready-to-eat food in Algeria. Braz J Microbiol 54, 2205–2218 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42770-023-01082-3

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