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Metabolic Syndrome Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Attending Clinic at a District Hospital in Ghana

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Abstract

Background

Metabolic syndrome is a complex disorder represented by a set of cardiovascular risk factors commonly associated with central obesity, hypertension, hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance. Studies on the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are very limited in the Ghanaian setting. This study therefore aimed to determine the prevalence rate and clinical factors associated with metabolic syndrome among HIV-infected patients on antiretroviral therapy attending clinic at a district hospital in Ghana.

Methods

A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional research design was employed in this study. Data was collected from two hundred and forty (240) participants using the convenience sampling technique. Data collected was analyzed with Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 22.0.

Results

The results showed that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome among the study participants ranged from 17.1% to 27.9%. A bivariate analysis to identify the determinants of metabolic syndrome showed that high triglycerides [OR = 6.44, 95%CI (0.44–9.51), p = 0.002], high cholesterol [OR = 4.52, 95%CI (0.21–9.32), p = 0.039], duration on antiretroviral therapy for at least 60 months [OR = 2.92, 95%CI (0.76–7.67), p = 0.031], and using antiretroviral therapy regimen combination of protease inhibitors and nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors [OR = 1.98, 95%CI (0.29–7.02), p = 0.001] were associated with the development of metabolic syndrome.

Conclusions

The study revealed that it is necessary to incorporate metabolic syndrome assessment as part of the treatment and management plan for patients receiving antiretroviral therapy.

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Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study will be made available by the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code Availability

Not applicable.

Abbreviations

HAART :

Highly active antiretroviral therapy

HIV :

Human immunodeficiency virus

ART :

Antiretroviral therapy

AIDS :

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

HDL :

High-density lipoprotein

NCEP-ATP :

National Cholesterol Education Program – Adult Treatment Panel

IDF :

International Diabetes Federation

WHO :

World Health Organization

BMI :

Body mass index

WC :

Waist circumference

WHR :

Waist to hip ratio

IQR :

Inter-quartile range

NRTIs :

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

PI :

Protease inhibitor

PIs :

Protease inhibitors

NNRTIs :

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the participants of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Physician Assistantship, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Presbyterian University, Ghana, Post Office Box 42, Agogo, Asante Akyem, Ghana

    Prince Osei Akumiah & Akosua Serwaa Akumiah

  2. Department of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Presbyterian University, Ghana, Post Office Box 42, Agogo, Asante Akyem, Ghana

    Kwabena Opoku-Addai & Adwoa Safowaa

Authors
  1. Prince Osei Akumiah
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  2. Kwabena Opoku-Addai
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  3. Adwoa Safowaa
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  4. Akosua Serwaa Akumiah
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Contributions

POA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis and investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing, Resources. KOA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis and investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing, Resources. AS: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis and investigation, Writing – original draft, Writing – review and editing, Resources. ASA: Conceptualization, Methodology, Formal analysis and investigation, Writing – original draft, Resources.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Kwabena Opoku-Addai.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

Ethical clearance for this study was granted by the Committee on Human Research, Publication and Ethics of Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (CHRPE/AP/406/19) and the head of the HIV/AIDS clinic of the district hospital where the study was conducted.

Consent to Participate

The details of the study was explained to the participants and all questions they had on the study were answered to their satisfaction. Afterwards, those who willingly consented to be part of the study were recruited.

Consent for Publication

Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests or conflict of interest.

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Akumiah, P.O., Opoku-Addai, K., Safowaa, A. et al. Metabolic Syndrome Among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patients on Antiretroviral Therapy Attending Clinic at a District Hospital in Ghana. SN Compr. Clin. Med. 5, 168 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42399-023-01510-3

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