Abstract
The discovery of graphene has stirred an intensive research interest in two-dimensional (2D) materials, but its lack of an electronic band gap has stimulated the research for novel materials with semiconducting character. The past few years have witnessed an impressive advancement in 2D materials from fundamental studies to the development of next generation of technologies and materials engineering. Among them, 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been extensively studied in various areas of research since last few decades, and these 2D TMDs are semiconductors of the type MX2, where M is a transition metal atom (such as Mo or W) and X is a chalcogen atom (such as S, Se, or Te), furnish an auspicious alternative. Due to its unique physical and chemical properties, 2D monolayer TMDs exhibit a distinctive combination of atomic-scale thickness, direct band gap, strong spin–orbit coupling, and favorable electronic and mechanical properties. These properties make the 2D TMD materials (such as MoS2, MoSe2, WTe2, WS2, and WSe2) more interesting for fundamental studies and for applications in high-end electronics, spintronics, optoelectronics, electrocatalysis, energy harvesting, flexible electronics, water splitting, DNA sequencing, and personalized medicine. They exhibit tunable electronic band gaps that can undergo a transition from an indirect band gap (bulk crystal structure) to a direct band gap (2D monolayer nanosheets, i.e., slab structure). Because of its robustness, 2D monolayer MoS2 is the most studied material in this family and especially for the applications of electrocatalysis, H2 evolution reactions (HER), etc. Current state-of-the-art catalysts still rely on expensive and rare noble metals; however, the relatively cheap and abundant TMDs have emerged as exceptionally promising alternative electrocatalysts for HER. In this review, we focus on the development of 2D TMDs, their synthesis methods, electronic structures and phases of the TMDs, theoretical modelling of the 2D TMDs, computations of electronic properties, and their potential applications in HER. They have been widely considered potential candidates for HER electrocatalysts because of their low cost, good electrochemical stability in acidic conditions, and its nearly thermoneutral hydrogen adsorption energy. The mechanism of hydrogen adsorption on TMDs plays an important role in optimizing HER activity. This review emphasizes on recent progress in improving the catalytic properties of TMDs toward highly efficient production of H2 by electrochemical HER. Combining theoretical and experimental considerations, a summary of the progress to date is provided, and a pathway forward for viable hydrogen evolution from TMD driven catalysis is concluded.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
A.K. Geim, K.S. Novoselov, The rise of graphene. Nat. Mater. 6, 183–191 (2007)
R. Mas-Ballesté, C. Gómez-Navarro, J. Gómez-Herrero, F. Zamora, 2D materials: to graphene and beyond. Nanoscale 3, 20–30 (2011)
S. Pakhira, K.P. Lucht, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, Dirac cone in two dimensional bilayer graphene by intercalation with V, Nb, and Ta transition metals. J. Chem. Phys. 148, 064707 (2018)
S. Pakhira, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, Quantum nature in the interaction of molecular hydrogen with porous materials: implications for practical hydrogen storage. J. Phys. Chem. C 124, 6454–6460 (2020)
J. Hui, N.B. Schorr, S. Pakhira, Z. Qu, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, J. Rodríguez-López, Achieving fast and efficient K+ intercalation on ultrathin graphene electrodes modified by a Li+ based solid-electrolyte interphase. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 13599–13603 (2018)
H. Zhang, Ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. ACS Nano 9, 9451–9469 (2015)
M. Xu, T. Liang, M. Shi, H. Chen, Graphene-like two-dimensional materials. Chem. Rev. 113, 3766–3798 (2013)
X. Chia, A.Y.S. Eng, A. Ambrosi, S.M. Tan, M. Pumera, Electrochemistry of nanostructured layered transition-metal dichalcogenides. Chem. Rev. 115, 11941–11966 (2015)
M. Chhowalla, H.S. Shin, G. Eda, L.J. Li, K.P. Loh, H. Zhang, The chemistry of two-dimensional layered transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets. Nat. Chem. 5, 263–275 (2013)
A. Carvalho, M. Wang, X. Zhu, et al., Phosphorene: from theory to applications. Nat Rev Mater 1, 1–16 (2016)
M. Pumera, Z. Sofer, 2D monoelemental arsenene, antimonene, and bismuthene: beyond black phosphorus. Adv. Mater. 29, 1605299 (2017)
H. Jin, C. Guo, X. Liu, J. Liu, A. Vasileff, Y. Jiao, Y. Zheng, S.Z. Qiao, Emerging two-dimensional nanomaterials for electrocatalysis. Chem. Rev. 118, 6337–6408 (2018)
S.Z. Butler, S.M. Hollen, L. Cao, Y. Cui, J.A. Gupta, H.R. Gutiérrez, T.F. Heinz, S.S. Hong, J. Huang, A.F. Ismach, E. Johnston-Halperin, M. Kuno, V.V. Plashnitsa, R.D. Robinson, R.S. Ruoff, S. Salahuddin, J. Shan, L. Shi, M.G. Spencer, M. Terrones, W. Windl, J.E. Goldberger, Progress, challenges, and opportunities in two-dimensional materials beyond graphene. ACS Nano 7, 2898–2926 (2013)
X. Duan, C. Wang, A. Pan, R. Yu, X. Duan, Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides as atomically thin semiconductors: opportunities and challenges. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 8859–8876 (2015)
D. Jariwala, V.K. Sangwan, L.J. Lauhon, T.J. Marks, M.C. Hersam, Emerging device applications for semiconducting two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. ACS Nano 8, 1102–1120 (2014)
S.K. Mahatha, K.D. Patel, K.S.R. Menon, Electronic structure investigation of MoS2 and MoSe2 using angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and ab initio band structure studies. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 24, 475504 (2012)
W. Sik Hwang, M. Remskar, R. Yan, V. Protasenko, K. Tahy, S. Doo Chae, P. Zhao, A. Konar, H. (Grace) Xing, A. Seabaugh, D. Jena, Transistors with chemically synthesized layered semiconductor WS2 exhibiting 105 room temperature modulation and ambipolar behavior. Appl. Phys. Lett. 101, 013107 (2012)
P. Vogt, P. De Padova, C. Quaresima, et al., Silicene: compelling experimental evidence for graphenelike two-dimensional silicon. Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 1–5 (2012)
A. Pakdel, C. Zhi, Y. Bando, D. Golberg, Low-dimensional boron nitride nanomaterials. Mater. Today 15, 256–265 (2012)
W. Yang, G. Chen, Z. Shi, C.C. Liu, L. Zhang, G. Xie, M. Cheng, D. Wang, R. Yang, D. Shi, K. Watanabe, T. Taniguchi, Y. Yao, Y. Zhang, G. Zhang, Epitaxial growth of single-domain graphene on hexagonal boron nitride. Nat. Mater. 12, 792–797 (2013)
S. Najmaei, Z. Liu, W. Zhou, X. Zou, G. Shi, S. Lei, B.I. Yakobson, J.C. Idrobo, P.M. Ajayan, J. Lou, Vapour phase growth and grain boundary structure of molybdenum disulphide atomic layers. Nat. Mater. 12, 754–759 (2013)
M.Y. Li, Y. Shi, C.C. Cheng, L.S. Lu, Y.C. Lin, H.L. Tang, M.L. Tsai, C.W. Chu, K.H. Wei, J.H. He, W.H. Chang, K. Suenaga, L.J. Li, Epitaxial growth of a monolayer WSe2-MoS2 lateral p-n junction with an atomically sharp interface. Science 349, 524–528 (2015)
W. Choi, N. Choudhary, G.H. Han, J. Park, D. Akinwande, Y.H. Lee, Recent development of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications. Mater. Today 20, 116–130 (2017)
Q.H. Wang, K. Kalantar-Zadeh, A. Kis, J.N. Coleman, M.S. Strano, Electronics and optoelectronics of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides. Nat. Nanotechnol. 7, 699–712 (2012)
F. Zahid, L. Liu, Y. Zhu, J. Wang, H. Guo, A generic tight-binding model for monolayer, bilayer and bulk MoS2. AIP Adv. 3, 052111 (2013)
G. Eda, H. Yamaguchi, D. Voiry, T. Fujita, M. Chen, M. Chhowalla, Photoluminescence from chemically exfoliated MoS2. Nano Lett. 11, 5111–5116 (2011)
H. Li, Q. Zhang, C.C.R. Yap, B.K. Tay, T.H.T. Edwin, A. Olivier, D. Baillargeat, From bulk to monolayer MoS2: evolution of Raman scattering. Adv. Funct. Mater. 22, 1385–1390 (2012)
S. Pakhira, K. Sen, C. Sahu, A.K. Das, Performance of dispersion-corrected double hybrid density functional theory: a computational study of OCS-hydrocarbon van der Waals complexes. J. Chem. Phys. 138, 164319 (2013)
J. Hui, S. Pakhira, R. Bhargava, Z.J. Barton, X. Zhou, A.J. Chinderle, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, J. Rodríguez-López, Modulating electrocatalysis on graphene heterostructures: physically impermeable yet electronically transparent electrodes. ACS Nano 12, 2980–2990 (2018)
S. Pakhira, C. Sahu, K. Sen, A.K. Das, Can two T-shaped isomers of OCS-C2H2 van der Waals complex exist? Chem. Phys. Lett. 549, 6–11 (2012)
S. Pakhira, M. Takayanagi, M. Nagaoka, Diverse rotational flexibility of substituted dicarboxylate ligands in functional porous coordination polymers. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 28789–28799 (2015)
S. Pakhira, K.P. Lucht, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, Iron intercalation in covalent-organic frameworks: a promising approach for semiconductors. J. Phys. Chem. C 121, 21160–21170 (2017)
N. Sinha, S. Pakhira, Tunability of the electronic properties of covalent organic frameworks. ACS Appl Electron Mater 3, 720–732 (2021)
S. Pakhira, Rotational dynamics of the organic bridging linkers in metal-organic frameworks and their substituent effects on the rotational energy barrier. RSC Adv. 9, 38137–38147 (2019)
S.S. Varghese, S.H. Varghese, S. Swaminathan, K. Singh, V. Mittal, Two-dimensional materials for sensing: graphene and beyond. Electron 4, 651–687 (2015)
N. Choudhary, M.D. Patel, J. Park, B. Sirota, W. Choi, Synthesis of large scale MoS2 for electronics and energy applications. J. Mater. Res. 31, 824–831 (2016)
J. Kang, S. Tongay, J. Zhou, J. Li, J. Wu, Band offsets and heterostructures of two-dimensional semiconductors. Appl. Phys. Lett. 102, 012111 (2013)
V.H. Nguyen, T.P. Nguyen, T.H. Le, et al., Recent advances in two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides as photoelectrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol. 95, 2597–2607 (2020)
J. Wang, J. Liu, B. Zhang, X. Ji, K. Xu, C. Chen, L. Miao, J. Jiang, The mechanism of hydrogen adsorption on transition metal dichalcogenides as hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 19, 10125–10132 (2017)
J.A. Wilson, A.D. Yoffe, The transition metal dichalcogenides discussion and interpretation of the observed optical, electrical and structural properties. Adv. Phys. 18, 193–335 (1969)
C. Ataca, H. Şahin, S. Ciraci, Stable, single-layer MX 2 transition-metal oxides and dichalcogenides in a honeycomb-like structure. J. Phys. Chem. C 116, 8983–8999 (2012)
F.A. Rasmussen, K.S. Thygesen, Computational 2D materials database: electronic structure of transition-metal dichalcogenides and oxides. J. Phys. Chem. C 119, 13169–13183 (2015)
K. Liang, S. Pakhira, Z. Yang, A. Nijamudheen, L. Ju, M. Wang, C.I. Aguirre-Velez, G.E. Sterbinsky, Y. du, Z. Feng, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, Y. Yang, S-doped MoP nanoporous layer toward high-efficiency hydrogen evolution in pH-universal electrolyte. ACS Catal. 9, 651–659 (2019)
Y. Lei, S. Pakhira, K. Fujisawa, X. Wang, O.O. Iyiola, N. Perea López, A. Laura Elías, L. Pulickal Rajukumar, C. Zhou, B. Kabius, N. Alem, M. Endo, R. Lv, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, M. Terrones, Low-temperature synthesis of heterostructures of transition metal dichalcogenide alloys (WxMo1-xS2) and graphene with superior catalytic performance for hydrogen evolution. ACS Nano 11, 5103–5112 (2017)
S. Pakhira, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, Tuning the Dirac cone of bilayer and bulk structure graphene by intercalating first row transition metals using first-principles calculations. J. Phys. Chem. C 122, 4768–4782 (2018)
S. Pakhira, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, Intercalation of first row transition metals inside covalent-organic frameworks (COFs): a strategy to fine tune the electronic properties of porous crystalline materials. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 21, 8785–8796 (2019)
K.S. Novoselov, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, T.J. Booth, V.V. Khotkevich, S.V. Morozov, A.K. Geim, Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 10451–10453 (2005)
L.F. Mattheiss, Band structures of transition-metal-dichalcogenide layer compounds. Phys. Rev. B 8, 3719–3740 (1973)
D. Voiry, A. Mohite, M. Chhowalla, Phase engineering of transition metal dichalcogenides. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 2702–2712 (2015)
X. Zhang, X.F. Qiao, W. Shi, J.B. Wu, D.S. Jiang, P.H. Tan, Phonon and Raman scattering of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides from monolayer, multilayer to bulk material. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 2757–2785 (2015)
K.F. Mak, C. Lee, J. Hone, J. Shan, T.F. Heinz, Atomically thin MoS2: a new direct-gap semiconductor. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 136805 (2010)
A.D. Becke, Density-functional thermochemistry. III. The role of exact exchange. J. Chem. Phys. 98, 5648–5652 (1993)
R. Puttaswamy, R. Nagaraj, P. Kulkarni, et al., Constructing a high-performance aqueous rechargeable zinc-ion battery cathode with self-assembled mat-like packing of intertwined Ag(I) pre-inserted V3O7·H2O microbelts with reduced graphene oxide core. ACS Sustain. Chem. Eng. 12, 3985–3995 (2021)
K. S. Novoselov, A. K. Geim, S. V. Morozov, D. Jiang, Y. Zhang, S. V. Dubonos IVG and AAF (2004) Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306:666–669
X. Cui, G. Lee, Y.D. Kim, et al., Multi-terminal transport measurements of MoS2 using a van der Waals heterostructure device platform. Nat. Nanotechnol. 10, 534–540 (2015)
S. Tongay, H. Sahin, C. Ko, et al., Monolayer behaviour in bulk ReS2 due to electronic and vibrational decoupling. Nat. Commun. 5, 1–6 (2014)
S. Tongay, J. Zhou, C. Ataca, K. Lo, T.S. Matthews, J. Li, J.C. Grossman, J. Wu, Thermally driven crossover from indirect toward direct bandgap in 2D semiconductors: MoSe2 versus MoS2. Nano Lett. 12, 5576–5580 (2012)
A. Reina, X. Jia, J. Ho, D. Nezich, H. Son, V. Bulovic, M.S. Dresselhaus, J. Kong, Large area, few-layer graphene films on arbitrary substrates by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 9, 30–35 (2009)
M. Hajlaoui, H. Sediri, D. Pierucci, et al., High electron mobility in epitaxial trilayer graphene on off-axis SiC(0001). Sci. Rep. 6, 1–8 (2016)
W. Wang, X. Chen, X. Zeng, S. Wu, Y. Zeng, Y. Hu, S. Xu, G. Zhou, H. Cui, Investigation of the growth process of continuous monolayer MoS2 films prepared by chemical vapor deposition. J. Electron. Mater. 47, 5509–5517 (2018)
Y. Zhan, Z. Liu, S. Najmaei, P.M. Ajayan, J. Lou, Large-area vapor-phase growth and characterization of MoS2 atomic layers on a SiO2 substrate. Small 8, 966–971 (2012)
X. Ling, Y.H. Lee, Y. Lin, W. Fang, L. Yu, M.S. Dresselhaus, J. Kong, Role of the seeding promoter in MoS2 growth by chemical vapor deposition. Nano Lett. 14, 464–472 (2014)
A. Mzerd, D. Sayah, J.C. Tedenac, A. Boyer, Optimal crystal growth conditions of thin films of Bi2Te3 semiconductors. J. Cryst. Growth 140, 365–369 (1994)
H.M. Manasevit, Single-crystal gallium arsenide on insulating substrates. Appl. Phys. Lett. 12, 156–159 (1968)
J. Cheon, J.E. Gozum, G.S. Girolami, Chemical vapor deposition of MoS 2 and TiS 2 films from the metal - organic precursors Mo ( S-t-Bu )4 and Ti ( S-t-Bu )4. Chem. Mater. 9, 1847–1853 (1997)
S. Cwik, D. Mitoraj, O. Mendoza Reyes, et al., Direct growth of MoS2 and WS2 layers by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. Adv. Mater. Interfaces 5, 1–11 (2018)
S C Xu, B Y Man, S Z Jiang, A H Liu, G D Hu, C S Chen, M Liu, C Yang DJF and CZ (2014) Direct synthesis of graphene on any nonmetallic substrate based on KrF laser ablation of ordered pyrolytic graphite. Laser Phys. Lett. 11:096001.
Z. Zheng, T. Zhang, J. Yao, Y. Zhang, Flexible, transparent and ultra-broadband photodetector based on large-area WSe2 fi lm for wearable devices. Nanotechnology 27, 1–11 (2016)
S.V. Mandyam, M. Zhao, P.M. Das, et al., Controlled growth of large-area bilayer tungsten diselenides with lateral P−N junctions. ACS Nano 13, 10490–10498 (2019)
G. Siegel, Y.P.V. Subbaiah, M.C. Prestgard, et al., Growth of centimeter-scale atomically thin MoS2 films by pulsed laser deposition. APL Mater 3, 056103 (2015)
L. El Bouanani, M.I. Serna, S.M.N. Hasan, et al., Large-area pulsed laser deposited molybdenum diselenide heterojunction photodiodes. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 51645–51653 (2020)
Kun Tian KB and AT (2018) Growth of two-dimensional WS2 thin films by pulsed laser deposition technique. Thin Solid Films 668:69–73
V.A. Online, L.K. Tan, B. Liu, et al., Atomic layer deposition of a MoS2 film. Nanoscale 6, 10584–10588 (2014)
S. Pakhira, T. Debnath, K. Sen, A.K. Das, Interactions between metal cations with H2 in the M+- H2 complexes: performance of DFT and DFT-D methods. J. Chem. Sci. 128, 621–631 (2016)
S. Pakhira, C. Sahu, K. Sen, A.K. Das, Dispersion corrected double high-hybrid and gradient-corrected density functional theory study of light cation-dihydrogen (M+-H2, where M = Li, Na, B and Al) van der Waals complexes. Struct. Chem. 24, 549–558 (2013)
J. Kang, W. Cao, X. Xie, et al., Graphene and beyond-graphene 2D crystals for next-generation green electronics. Micro- Nanotechnol Sensors, Syst Appl VI 9083, 908305 (2014)
A.J. Garza, S. Pakhira, A.T. Bell, J.L. Mendoza-Cortes, M. Head-Gordon, Reaction mechanism of the selective reduction of CO2 to CO by a tetraaza [CoIIN4H]2+ complex in the presence of protons. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 20, 24058–24064 (2018)
K Praveen, M Sethumadhavan (2017) On the extension of XOR step construction for optimal contrast grey level visual cryptography. 2017 Int Conf Adv Comput Commun Informatics, ICACCI 2017 -Janua:219–222. (2017)
S. Rhatigan, M.-C. Michel, M. Nolan, Hydrogen evolution on non-metal oxide catalysts. J Phys Energy 2, 042002 (2020)
Q. Fu, J. Han, X. Wang, et al., 2D transition metal dichalcogenides: design, modulation, and challenges in electrocatalysis. Adv. Mater. 1907818, 1–24 (2020)
A.B. Laursen, S. Kegnæs, S. Dahl, I. Chorkendorff, Molybdenum sulfides - efficient and viable materials for electro - and photoelectrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. Energy Environ. Sci. 5, 5577–5591 (2012)
C. Tan, X. Cao, X.J. Wu, Q. He, J. Yang, X. Zhang, J. Chen, W. Zhao, S. Han, G.H. Nam, M. Sindoro, H. Zhang, Recent advances in ultrathin two-dimensional nanomaterials. Chem. Rev. 117, 6225–6331 (2017)
Y. Nie, L. Li, Z. Wei, Recent advancements in Pt and Pt-free catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 2168–2201 (2015)
Y. Wang, Y. Li, T. Heine, PtTe monolayer: two-dimensional electrocatalyst with high basal plane activity toward oxygen reduction reaction. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 140, 12732–12735 (2018)
H. Zhang, Y. Tian, J. Zhao, Q. Cai, Z. Chen, Small dopants make big differences: enhanced electrocatalytic performance of MoS2 monolayer for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by N– and P–doping. Electrochim. Acta 225, 543–550 (2017)
S. Dutta, S. De, MoS2 nanosheet/rGO hybrid: an electrode material for high performance thin film supercapacitor. Mater Today Proc 5, 9771–9775 (2018)
S. Ratha, C.S. Rout, Supercapacitor electrodes based on layered tungsten disulfide-reduced graphene oxide hybrids synthesized by a facile hydrothermal method. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 5, 11427–11433 (2013)
L. Wang, Y. Ma, M. Yang, Y. Qi, One-pot synthesis of 3D flower-like heterostructured SnS2/MoS2 for enhanced supercapacitor behavior. RSC Adv. 5, 89069–89075 (2015)
R. Cao, Q.C. Zhuang, L.L. Tian, X.Y. Qiu, Y.L. Shi, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopic study of the lithium storage mechanism in commercial molybdenum disulfide. Ionics (Kiel) 20, 459–469 (2014)
S.W. Lee, M.T. McDowell, J.W. Choi, Y. Cui, Anomalous shape changes of silicon nanopillars by electrochemical lithiation. Nano Lett. 11, 3034–3039 (2011)
Y. Seino, T. Ota, K. Takada, A. Hayashi, M. Tatsumisago, A sulphide lithium super ion conductor is superior to liquid ion conductors for use in rechargeable batteries. Energy Environ. Sci. 7, 627–631 (2014)
L. Ionov, Hydrogel-based actuators: possibilities and limitations. Mater. Today 17, 494–503 (2014)
K. Wang, H. Zhang, S. Chen, G. Yang, J. Zhang, W. Tian, Z. Su, Y. Wang, Organic polymorphs: one-compound-based crystals with molecular-conformation- and packing-dependent luminescent properties. Adv. Mater. 26, 6168–6173 (2014)
J Li, H Wang, W Wei, L Meng Advanced MoS2 and graphene heterostructures as high-performance anode for sodium-ion batteries. Nanotechnology 30: (2019)
O. Mashtalir, M. Naguib, V.N. Mochalin, et al., Intercalation and delamination of layered carbides and carbonitrides. Nat. Commun. 4, 1–7 (2013)
Y. Dan, Y. Lu, N.J. Kybert, Z. Luo, A.T.C. Johnson, Intrinsic response of graphene vapor sensors. Nano Lett. 9, 1472–1475 (2009)
P.T.K. Loan, W. Zhang, C. Te Lin, et al., Graphene/MoS2 heterostructures for ultrasensitive detection of DNA hybridisation. Adv. Mater. 26, 4838–4844 (2014)
B. Cho, M.G. Hahm, M. Choi, J. Yoon, A.R. Kim, Y.J. Lee, S.G. Park, J.D. Kwon, C.S. Kim, M. Song, Y. Jeong, K.S. Nam, S. Lee, T.J. Yoo, C.G. Kang, B.H. Lee, H.C. Ko, P.M. Ajayan, D.H. Kim, Charge-transfer-based gas sensing using atomic-layer MoS2. Sci. Rep. 5, 8052 (2015)
T. Wang, H. Zhu, J. Zhuo, Z. Zhu, P. Papakonstantinou, G. Lubarsky, J. Lin, M. Li, Biosensor based on ultrasmall MoS2 nanoparticles for electrochemical detection of H2O2 released by cells at the nanomolar level. Anal. Chem. 85, 10289–10295 (2013)
F.K. Perkins, A.L. Friedman, E. Cobas, P.M. Campbell, G.G. Jernigan, B.T. Jonker, Chemical vapor sensing with monolayer MoS2. Nano Lett. 13, 668–673 (2013)
K. Kalantar-Zadeh, J.Z. Ou, Biosensors based on two-dimensional MoS2. ACS Sensors 1, 5–16 (2016)
D.J. Late, Y.K. Huang, B. Liu, J. Acharya, S.N. Shirodkar, J. Luo, A. Yan, D. Charles, U.V. Waghmare, V.P. Dravid, C.N.R. Rao, Sensing behavior of atomically thin-layered MoS2 transistors. ACS Nano 7, 4879–4891 (2013)
Y. Chen, R. Ren, H. Pu, J. Chang, S. Mao, J. Chen, Field-effect transistor biosensors with two-dimensional black phosphorus nanosheets. Biosens. Bioelectron. 89, 505–510 (2017)
N. Suvansinpan, F. Hussain, G. Zhang, C.H. Chiu, Y. Cai, Y.W. Zhang, Substitutionally doped phosphorene: electronic properties and gas sensing. Nanotechnology 27, 65708 (2016)
F. Rigoni, S. Tognolini, P. Borghetti, G. Drera, S. Pagliara, A. Goldoni, L. Sangaletti, Enhancing the sensitivity of chemiresistor gas sensors based on pristine carbon nanotubes to detect low-ppb ammonia concentrations in the environment. Analyst 138, 7392–7399 (2013)
V. Urbanová, P. Lazar, N. Antonatos, Z. Sofer, M. Otyepka, M. Pumera, Positive and negative effects of dopants toward electrocatalytic activity of MoS2 and WS2: experiments and theory. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 20383–20392 (2020)
Acknowledgements
Dr. Srimanta Pakhira acknowledges the SERB-DST, Government of India for providing his Early Career Research Award (ECRA) under the project number ECR/2018/000255. Dr. Pakhira thanks the SERB-DST for providing the highly prestigious Ramanujan Faculty Fellowship under the scheme number SB/S2/RJN-067/2017. Mr. Upadhyay thanks Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IIT Indore) and MHRD, Govt. of India for providing his doctoral fellowship. Mr. Jena Akash Kumar Satrughna thanks the SERB-DST, Government of India for providing his doctoral fellowship under the INSPIRE fellowship scheme no. IF190546. The authors would like to acknowledge the SERB-DST for providing the computing cluster and programs, and we extend our thanks to IIT Indore for providing the basic infrastructure to conduct this research work.
Funding
This work has been financially supported by the Science and Engineering Research Board-Department of Science and Technology (SERB-DST), Government of India under Grant No. ECR/2018/000255.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Mr. Shrish Nath Upadhyay and Mr. Jena Akash Kumar Satrughna contributed equally to this work.
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Upadhyay, S.N., Satrughna, J.A.K. & Pakhira, S. Recent advancements of two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their applications in electrocatalysis and energy storage. emergent mater. 4, 951–970 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00241-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42247-021-00241-2