Abstract
Majority of mid-rise RC framed structures are constructed with partially ductile beam–column connections (PDC). Column hoop reinforcement is provided in joint core, however, beam rebars are not fully anchored beyond the face of column. These joints are vulnerable to flexural failure when subjected to reversed cyclic loading. Thus, it is imperative to avoid such situations by strengthening the PDC with a suitable method. A retrofitting technique is proposed in this paper to strengthen such connections or joints. Twelve scaled-down (1:3) specimens comprising 3 types of connection subassemblies are tested. Reversed cyclic loading is applied and performance of these joints is monitored. It is observed that strengthened subassemblies show enhancement in the load-carrying capacity, ductility, cumulative energy dissipation and stiffness. Based on the experimental results, recommendations are proposed for connection strengthening technique. Proposed solution will be useful to strengthen soft storey frames and bare staging frames of an elevated service reservoir (ESR).
Similar content being viewed by others
References
, 383, B. I. (2016). Coarse and Fine Aggregate for Concrete—specification. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standards.
8112, B. I. (2013). Indian Standard Specification for Ordinary Portland Cement, 43 Grade— Specification. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standard.
ACI_375.05. (2005). Acceptance criteria for moment frames based on structural testing and commentary.
Badoux, M., & Jirsa, J. O. (1990). Steel bracing of RC frames for seismic retrofitting. Journal of Structural Engineering (united States), 116, 55–74.
Batalha, N., Rodrigues, H., & Varum, H. (2019). Seismic performance of RC precast industrial buildings—learning with the past earthquakes. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-018-0191-y
Bhat, J. A. (2022). An innovative technique of anchoring lacing bars with CFS sections for shear strengthening of RC beams. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00722-7
BIS-IS-456. (2000). Plain and reinforced concrete—code of practice. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standard.
BIS_IS-1786. (2008). Specification for high-strength deformed steel bars and wires for concrete reinforcement.
BIS_IS-13920. (2016). Ductile Design and Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces. New Delhi, India: Bureau of Indian Standard.
Bush, T. D., Jones, E. A., & Jirsa, J. O. (1991). The behavior of RC frame strengthened using structural steel bracing. Journal of Structural Engineering, 117, 1115–1126.
Chen, T.-H. (2006). The retrofit strategy of non-seismically designed frame systems based on a metallic haunch system (2006). University of Canterbury.
Choudhary, A. H., & Laskar, A. I. (2020). Effect of hoop reinforcement yielding on the cyclic behavior of beam-column joint. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 26(6), 3091–3108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1784317.
Du, K., Cheng, F., Bai, J., & Jin, S. (2020). Seismic performance quantification of buckling restrained braced RC frame structures under near-fault ground motions. Engineering Structures, 211, 110447.
Fateh, A., & Hejazi, F. (2020). Experimental testing of variable stiffness bracing system for reinforced concrete structure under dynamic load. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 26(3), 14161437. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632469.2020.1724216.
Ferdows, S. I. (2022). Numerical analysis of the effect of internal and external stiffeners on the behavior of concrete-steel composite connections. Innovative Infrastructure Solution. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00791-2
Genesio, G. (2012). Seismic Assessment of RC Exterior BeamColumn Joints and Retrofit with Haunches Using Post-Installed Anchors. PhD Thesis. Institut für Werkstoffe im Bauwesen der Universität Stuttgart 2012.
Ghobarah, A., Aziz, T. S., & Biddah, A. (1997a). Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete frame connections using corrugated steel jacketing. ACI Structural Journal, 4(3), 283–294.
Ghobarah, A., Biddah, A., & Aziz, T. S. (1997b). Upgrading of nonductile reinforced concrete frame connections. Journal of Structural Engineering, ASCE, 123(8), 1001–1009.
Ghobarah, A., & Ei-Amoury, T. (2005). Seismic rehabilitation of deficient exterior concrete frame joints. Journal of Composites for Construction, 9(5), 408–416. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(2005)9:5(408)
Ghobarah, A., Aziz, T. S., & Biddah, A. (1997). Rehabilitation of reinforced concrete frame connections usingcorrugated steel jacketing. ACI Structural Journal, 94, 282–294.
Godinez-Domlnguez, E. A., & Tena-Colunga, A. (2019). Behavior of ductile steel X-braced RC frames in seismic zones. Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration, 18, 845–869.
Hakuto, S. (1995). Retrofitting of reinforced concrete moment resisting frames. PhD thesis, University of canterbury.
Hakuto, S., Park, R., & Tanaka, H. (2000). Seismic load tests on interior and exterior beam column joints with substandard reinforcing details. ACI Structural Journal, 97, 11–25.
Hu, B., & Kundu, T. (2019). Seismic performance of interior and exterior beam-column joints in recycled aggregate concrete frames. Journal of Structural Engineering, 145(3). https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002261.
Jafari, V., & Akbarpour, A. (2018). Effect of near-field earthquake excitation on seismic behavior of knee-braced moment frames. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering,. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-018-0052-1.
Jayasooriya, E. M. S. D., Indika, D. W. U., & Wijesundara, K. K. (2021). Equivalent viscous damping for steel eccentrically braced frame structures with buckling restraint braces. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions., 6, 216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00503-2.
Kaviani, A., Dabiri, H., & Kheyroddin, A. (2021). Effect of beam and column dimensions on the behavior of RC beam-column joints. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 22, 941–958. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-021-00356-1
Khan, M. S., Basit, A., & Khan, U. (2021). Seismic upgrade of deficient RC frames using different configurations of eccentric steel braces. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 22, 461–475.
Kheyroddin, A., Sepahrad, R., Saljoughian, M., & Kafi, M. A. (2019). Experimental evaluation of RC frames retrofitted by steel jacket, X-brace and X-brace having ductile ring as structural fuse. Journal of Building Pathology and Rehabilitation, 4(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41024-019-0050-z.
Lee, H. J., Harry, & Chang, C. J. (2017). High-strength reinforcement in exterior beam column joints under cyclic loading. ACI Structural Journal 114:1325–38.
Maheri, M. R., & Akbari, R. (2003). Seismic behavior factor, R, for steel X-braced and knee-braced RC buildings. Engineering Structures, 25, 1505–1513.
Nadir, W., & Ali, A. Y. (2022). The key factors affecting the behavior of reinforced concrete beam–column joints under cyclic load. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering, 23, 907–927. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-022-00464-6
Naghavi, M., Rahnavard, R., Thomas, R. J., & Malekinejad, M. (2019). Numerical evaluation of the hysteretic behavior of concentrically braced frames and buckling restrained brace frame systems. Journal of Building Engineering, 22, 415–428.
Ozeelik, R., & Erdil, E. F. (2019). Pseudynamic test of a deficient RC frame strengthened with buckling resistant braces. Earthquake Spectra, 35, 1163–1187.
Pampanin, S., Calvi, G. M., & Moratti, M. (2002). Seismic behaviour of R.C. beam column joints designed for gravity loads. In 12th European conference on earthquake engineering, p. 726
Pampain, S., Shristopoulos, C., & Chen, T. H. (2006). Development and validation of a metallic haunch seismic retrofit solution for existing under-designed RC frame buildings. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics, 35(14), 1739–1766. https://doi.org/10.1002/eqe.600
Pantelides, C. P., Clyde, C., & Reaveley, L. D. (2002). Performance-based evaluation of reinforced concrete building exterior joints for seismic excitation. Earthquake Spectra, 18(3), 449–480. https://doi.org/10.1193/1.1510447
Pantelides, P. C., Hansen, J., Nadauld, J., & Reaveley, D. L. (2002). Assessment of reinforced concrete building exterior joints with substandard details. Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Centre.
Pore, S. M. (2007). Performance based seismic design of low to medium rise framed buildings for India. IIT.
Qian, K., Weng, Y. H., & Li, B. (2019). Improving behavior of reinforced concrete frames to resist progressive collapse through steel bracings. Journal of Structural Engineering, 145(2), 04018248–1–17. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002263.
Rahai, A., & Lashgari, M. (2006). Seismic strengthening of nine storey RC building using concentric and buckling resistant bracing. Proc 31st Conference Concrete Structures, 421–426.
Rahimi, A., & Maheri, M. R. (2018). The effects of retrofitting RC frames by X-bracing on the seismic performance of columns. Engineering Structures, 173, 813–830.
Ramin, K., & Maheri, M. R. (2018). The seismic investigation of offdiagonal steel braced RC frames. Slovac Journal of Civil Engineering, 26, 49–64.
Rahimi, A., & Maheri, M. R. (2020). The effects of steel X-brace retrofitting of RC frames on the seismic performance of frames and their elements. Engineering Structures, 206, 110149.
Roy, B., & Laskar, A. (2017). Cyclic behavior of in-situ exterior beam-column subassemblies with cold joint in column. Engineering Structures, 132, 822–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.12.001
Samo, L. D., & Manfredi, G. (2009). Seismic retrofitting of existing RC frames with buckling restrained braces. In Proceedings of ATC and SEI conference on improving the seismic performance of existing buildings and other structures, San Francisco, pp 741–752.
Saranya, P., Nagarajan, P., & Shashikala, A. P. (2021). Seismic performance of geopolymer concrete beam-column joints under reverse cyclic loading. Innovative Infrastructure Solutions. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-021-00474-4
Sutcu, F., et al. (2020). Experimental and analytical studies of substandard RC frames retrofitted with buckling restrained braces and steel frames. Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering, 18, 2389–2410.
Uang, C.-M., Bondad, D., & Lee, C.-H. (1998). Cyclic performance of haunch repaired steel moment connections: experimental testing and analytical modeling. Engineering structures, 20, 552–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0141-0296(97)00093-X.
Uma, S. R., & Jain, S. K. (2006). Seismic design of beam-column joints in RC moment resisting frames—Review of codes Structural Engineering and Mechanics.
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by AVG. The first draft of the manuscript was written by AVG and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Gujar, A.V., Pore, S.M. Strengthening of partially ductile RC beam–column connections. Asian J Civ Eng 24, 93–108 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-022-00490-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42107-022-00490-4