Skip to main content
Log in

A Comparative Analysis of Race and Mattering in Leisure Literature

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the progression of discourse on race within leisure studies scholarship through the lens of racecraft and the construct of mattering. The Journal of Leisure Research as well as Schole were examined within the periods of the 1990s (1989–2000) and the 2010s (2009–2019). Articles were chosen based upon their employment of the keywords of community recreation, youth development, and race within both time periods, yielding a total of 99 articles that were examined. A discourse historical approach (DHA) was utilized to assess the impact of the socio-political context on leisure research as well as the development of discourse on race. Through DHA techniques and the concept of racecraft, this study classified articles under five overarching themes: Faint mentions of race, racialization in the negative, improper terminology use, intentionality of race, and inadequate lens of problem/solution. Based upon the findings, leisure literature has displayed minimal progression in its conceptualizations of race. Leisure studies scholarship reflects the dominant discourse through its latent ideology of racism that maintains marginalization of various racialized ethnic groups. It is posited that, without institutional examination and targeted mitigation efforts, the field of leisure will continue to uphold a detrimental racial order with an underdeveloped political and historical stance on race.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Allaby, M., & Shannon, C. S. (2019). “I just want to keep in touch”: Adolescents’ experiences with leisure-related smartphone use. Journal of Leisure Research51(3), 1–19. 

  • Allison, M. T. (1999). Organizational barriers to diversity in the workplace. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(1), 78–101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arai, S., & Kivel, B. (2009). Critical race theory and social justice perspectives on whiteness, difference(s) and (anti)racism: A fourth wave of race research in leisure studies. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4), 459–472. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2009.11950185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, A. W., & Fernando, I. K. (2012). Routine and project-based leisure, happiness, and meaning in life. Journal of Leisure Research, 44(2), 139–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, A. W., Kang, H. K., & Schmidt, C. (2016). Leisure routine and positive attitudes: Age- graded comparisons of the path to happiness. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(3), 189–209.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barack Obama – America’s first African-American president [Video file]. (2019, April 12). Retrieved from https://www.biography.com/video/barack-obama-americas-first-african- american-president-5106755981.

  • Bay News 9. (2015, November 15). St. Petersburg mosque receives threatening voicemail. Retrieved from https://www.mynews13.com/fl/orlando/news/2015/11/15/ st_pete_mosque_recei.

  • Beale, S. (2013). Contested waters: A social history of swimming pools in America. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(3), 415–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2013.11950293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bedini, L. A., & Anonymous. (1996). Integrative book reviews. Journal of Leisure Research, 28(4), 312–321.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bedini, L. A., Stone, C. F., & Phoenix, T. L. (2000). Increasing diversity among students in recreation, parks, and leisure studies curricula: A case study. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 15(1), 47–62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Benjamin, P. (1992, May 1). Rodney King verdict sparks LA riots: From the archive, 1 May 1992. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/may/01/la-riots- rodney-king-race.

  • Benjamin, R. (2014). Conjuring difference, concealing inequality: A brief tour of Racecraft. Theory and Society, 43(6), 683–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11186-014-9238-z.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bialeschki, M. D., & Walbert, K. L. (1998). “You have to have some fun to go along with your work”: The interplay of race, class, gender, and leisure in the industrial New South. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(1), 79–100.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanco, J., & Robinett, J. (2014). Leisure helps get the job done: Intersections of hegemonic masculinity and stress among college-aged males. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(4), 361–374.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, L. L., & Darling, N. (1999). Leisure context, parental control, and resistance to peer pressure as predictors of adolescent partying and substance use: An ecological perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(1), 57–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, L. L., Patrick, M. E., Smith, E. A., Palen, L. A., & Wegner, L. (2010). Influencing adolescent leisure motivation: Intervention effects of health wise South Africa. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(2), 203–220.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campbell, A. F. (2019, August 9). The El Paso shooter told police that he was targeting Mexicans. Retrieved from https://www.vox.com/2019/8/6/20756750/el-paso-shooter- targeted-latinx-walmart.

  • Chun, S., & Lee, Y. (2010). The role of leisure in the experience of posttraumatic growth for people with spinal cord injury. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(3), 393–415.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clark, B. S., & Anderson, D. M. (2014). Not yet a woman, not yet a mom: The leisure experiences of pregnant adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(5), 509–524.

    Google Scholar 

  • Clinton, W. J. (1994, September 10). The President’s radio address on September 10, 1994. Retrieved from https://clinton.presidentiallibraries.us/items/show/12940

  • Conrad-Garrisi, D. L., & Pernice-Duca, F. (2013). The relationship between sense of mattering, stigma, and recovery: An empirical study of clubhouse participants in the U.S. Midwest. International Journal of Self Help and Self Care, 7(1), 41–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denchak, M. (2018, November 8). Flint water crisis: Everything you need to know. Retrieved from https://www.nrdc.org/stories/flint-water-crisis-everything-you-need-know

  • Desk, F. (2019, September 12). Changing policies, plans: Toughened enforcement pushes asylum seekers to stay in Mexico. Retrieved from https://news.azpm.org/p/news-topical- border/2019/9/12/158013-changing-policies-plans-toughened-enforcement-pushes- asylum-seekers-to-stay-in-mexico/.

  • Diaz, C. D. (2017, May 17). The political battle over Cuban rafter boy Elián González is the focus of new documentary film. Retrieved from https://www.univision.com/univision- news/culture/the-political-battle-over-cuban-rafter-boy-elian-gonzalez-is-the-focus-of- new-documentary-film.

  • DiLulio, J. (1995, November 27). The coming of the super-predator. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/weekly-standard/the-coming-of-the-super- predators.

  • Dixon, A. L., Scheidegger, C., & McWhirter, J. J. (2009). Adolescent gender variations in perceived mattering, anxiety, and depression. Journal of Counseling and Development, 87, 302–310. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00111.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edwards, M. B., & Matarrita-Cascante, D. (2011). Rurality in leisure research: A review of four major journals. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(4), 447–474.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feagin, J. R. (2014). Racist America: Roots, current realities, and future reparations (3rd ed.). Routledge.

  • Fernandez, M., & Witt, P. A. (2013). Attracting Hispanics to an African American recreation center: Examining attitudes and historical factors. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(4), 423–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fields, K. E., & Fields, B. J. (2012). Racecraft: The soul of inequality in American life. Verso Trade.

  • Floyd, M. (1998). Getting beyond marginality and ethnicity: The challenge for race and ethnic studies in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(1), 3–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, M. (2014). Social justice as an integrating force for leisure research. Leisure Sciences, 36(4), 379–387.

    Google Scholar 

  • Floyd, M., & Stodolska, M. (2019). Scholarship on race and ethnicity: Assessing contributions to leisure theory and practice. The Journal of Park and Recreation Administration, 37(1), 80–94. https://doi.org/10.18666/jpra-2019-8339.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • France, M. K., & Finney, S. J. (2009). What matters in the measurement of mattering? Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 42(2), 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Frankenberg, R. (1993). White women, race matters (5th ed.). University of Minnesota Press.

  • Freysinger, V. J., Fox, K. M., Henderson, K. A., & Bedini, L. (1994). Book and resource review: Addressing multiculturalism in recreation and leisure education. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 9(1), 79–89.

    Google Scholar 

  • García, R. (2013). Social justice and leisure: The usefulness and uselessness of research. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(1), 7–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giles, H. (2019). Toward a theory of justicecraft: Language, narratives, and justice in restorative community conversations. Contemporary Justice Review, 22(3), 257–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, T. D. (2007). Ugly on the diamonds: An examination of white privilege in youth baseball. Leisure Sciences, 29(2), 195–208.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glover, T. D. (2015). Leisure research for social impact. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(1), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Godbey, G. (2000). The future of leisure studies. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 37–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gonzalez-Baz, E. (1992). A Mexican perspective on the north American free trade agreement and the environment. Canada-United States Law Journal, 18(23), 235–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodale, T. L. (1993). Educating for social responsibility—aspirations and obstacles. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 7(1), 81–91.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grossman, A. H. (1993). Ten percent of those we teach and they serve: A case study of incorporating gay and lesbian studies into the curriculum. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 8(1), 51–60.

    Google Scholar 

  • Guess, T. J. (2006). The social construction of Whiteness: Racism by intent, racism by consequence. Critical Sociology, 32(4), 649–673.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrolle, M. G., Floyd, M. F., Casper, J. M., Kelley, K. E., & Bruton, C. M. (2013). Physical activity constraints among Latinos: Identifying clusters and acculturation differences. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(1), 74–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, K. A. (1993). A feminist analysis of selected professional recreation literature about girls/women from 1907–1990. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(2), 165–181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, K. A. (1995). Leisure in a diverse society: Designing a course. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 10(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, K. A. (2010). Leisure studies in the 21st century: The sky is falling? Leisure Sciences, 32(4), 391–400.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hillary Clinton campaign speech [Video file]. (1996, January 25). Retrieved from https://www.c-span.org/video/?69606-1/hillary-clinton-campaign-speech

  • Hodge, C., Bocarro, J. N., Henderson, K. A., Zabriskie, R., Parcel, T. L., & Kanters, M. A. (2015). Family leisure: An integrative review of research from select journals. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 577–600.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang, W. J., Norman, W. C., Ramshaw, G. P., & Haller, W. J. (2015). Transnational leisure experience of second-generation immigrants: The case of Chinese-Americans. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(1), 102–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hultsman, W. (1993). The influence of others as a barrier to recreation participation among early adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 25(2), 150–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.1993.11969915.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hultsman, J. (1995). Adding a diversity component to a recreation and tourism curriculum. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 10(1), 17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurly, J., & Walker, G. J. (2019). Nature in our lives: Examining the human need for nature relatedness as a basic psychological need. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(4), 290–310.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hutson, G., Montgomery, D., & Caneday, L. (2010). Perceptions of outdoor recreation professionals toward place meanings in natural environments: A Q-method inquiry. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(3), 417–442.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ito, E., Walker, G. J., & Liang, H. (2014). A systematic review of non-Western and cross- cultural/national leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(2), 226–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwasaki, Y., Messina, E., Shank, J., & Coyle, C. (2015). Role of leisure in meaning-making for community-dwelling adults with mental illness: Inspiration for engaged life. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 538–555.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson, S., & Samdahl, D. M. (1998). Leisure in the lives of old lesbians: Experiences with and responses to discrimination. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(2), 233–255.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jarrett, R. L., Bahar, O. S., McPherson, E., & Williams, D. A. (2013). No child left inside: The built environment and caregiver strategies to promote child physical activity. Journal of Leisure Research, 45(4), 485–513.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, J. (2012). Mattering, marginality, and black feminism: Moving to empower Black women. The Vermont Connection, 33(10), 77–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, C. W. (2015). Twenty-plus years of exclusion in the boy scouts of America: A simulated debate on inclusion in public and private recreation agencies. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 30(2), 70–77.

    Google Scholar 

  • Keith, T., & Naylor, B. (2019, August 5). ‘Hate has no place’ in America, trump says after El Paso and Dayton shootings. Retrieved from http://www.npr.org/2019/08/05/748190808/trump-calls-for-strong-background-checks- following-el-Paso-and-Dayton-shootings.

  • Kelly, J. R., & Kelly, J. R. (1994). Multiple dimensions of meaning in the domains of work, family, and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 26(3), 250–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, J., Dattilo, J., & Heo, J. (2011). Taekwondo participation as serious leisure for life satisfaction and health. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(4), 545–559.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, C. (2005). Cautionary notes on whiteness and sport studies. Sociology of Sport Journal, 22(3), 397–408.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivel, B. D. (2005). Examining racism, power, and white hegemony in Stodolska’s conditioned attitude model of individual discriminatory behavior. Leisure Sciences, 27(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400590885926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kivel, B., Johnson, C., & Scraton, S. (2009). (Re)theorizing leisure, experience and race. Journal Of Leisure Research, 41(4), 473-493.

  • Kivel, B. D., & Johnson, C. W. (2009). Consuming media, making men: Using collective memory work to understand leisure and the construction of masculinity. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), 110–134.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koeske, Z. (2018, June 6). Obama as symbol of hope, possibility for blacks, key to racial legacy, scholars say. Retrieved from https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-sta-king-obama- legacy-st-0116-20170113-story.html.

  • Larson, L., Whiting, J. W., Green, G. T., & Bowker, J. M. (2014). Physical activity levels and preferences of ethnically diverse visitors to Georgia state parks. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(5), 540–562.

    Google Scholar 

  • Le, T., Le, Q., & Short, M. (2009). Critical discourse analysis: An interdisciplinary perspective. Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

  • Lee, K. J., Scott, D., Floyd, M. F., & Edwards, M. B. (2016). Social stratification in fishing participation in the United States: A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(3), 245–263.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leon, H. (2015, December 8). Visiting an anti-Muslim hate group at the peak of America's islamophobia. Retrieved from https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/gqm3g7/visiting-an- anti-muslim-hate-group-at-the-peak-of-americas-of-islamaphobia-511.

  • Lim, W. M. (2019). Spectator sports and its role in the social marketing of national unity: Insights from a multiracial country. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(3), 260–284.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin, M., & Graefe, A. R. (2019). Roller-skating into the big city: A case study of migrant workers’ informal leisure activity in Guangzhou, China. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(3), 181–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindsay, D., & Martin, T. (Directors). (2017). L.A. 92 [Video File]. Retrieved from http://www.netflix.com.

  • Lundberg, N. R., Taniguchi, S., McCormick, B. P., & Tibbs, C. (2011). Identity negotiating: Redefining stigmatized identities through adaptive sports and recreation participation among individuals with a disability. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(2), 205–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mainland, M., Shaw, S., & Prier, A. (2015). Fearing fat: Exploring the discursive links between childhood obesity, parenting, and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(2), 202–219.

    Google Scholar 

  • Martinez, M. (2016, January 28). Flint, Michigan: Neglected because city is black, poor? Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2016/01/26/us/flint-michigan-water-crisis-race- poverty/index.html

  • McDonald, M. G. (2009). Dialogues on whiteness, leisure and (anti) racism. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(1), 5–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, D., & McAvoy, L. (1997). Native Americans and leisure: State of the research and future directions. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(2), 145–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • McKeown, J. K. (2015). “I will not be wearing heels tonight!” A feminist exploration of singlehood, dating, and leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(4), 485–500.

    Google Scholar 

  • McMeeking, D., & Purkayastha, B. (1995). “I can’t have my mom running me everywhere”: Adolescents, leisure, and accessibility. Journal of Leisure Research, 27(4), 360–378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mirehie, M., & Gibson, H. J. (2019). Women’s participation in snow-sports and sense of well- being: A positive psychology approach. Journal of Leisure Research, 51, 1–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, A., & Henderson, K. (2018). “Like precious gold”: Recreation in the lives of low-income committed couples. Journal of Leisure Research, 49(1), 46–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Motamedi, M., Caldwell, L. L., Weybright, E. H., Jones, D., Wegner, L., & Smith, E. A. (2020). Doing a leisure activity because there is nothing else to do: Related outcomes and intervention effects for adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowatt, R. (2009). Notes from a leisure son: Expanding an understanding of whiteness in leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(4), 511–528.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowatt, R. (2018a). A people’s history of leisure studies: Leisure, the tool of racecraft. Leisure Sciences, 40(7), 663–674. https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400.2018.1534622.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowatt, R. (2018b). The case of the 12-year-old boy: Or, the silence of and relevance to leisure research. Leisure Sciences, 40(1–2), 54–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mowatt, R., & Schmalz, D. (2014). The conspicuous nature of power. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(3), 353–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mowatt, R., Johnson, C. W., Roberts, N. S., & Kivel, B. D. (2016). “Embarrassingly white” faculty racial disparities in American recreation, park, and tourism programs. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 31(1), 37–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukhopadhyay, C. C., & Pollock, M. (2008). Getting rid of the word “caucasian.” In Everyday Antiracism: Getting Real About Race in School (pp. 12–16). The New Press.

  • NBC News. (2013, November 25). ‘Knockout game’: Teenagers attack unsuspecting strangers for fun. Retrieved from http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/11/25/21599448- knockout-game-teenagers-attack-unsuspecting-strangers-for-fun.

  • NBC Southern California. (1992, April 29). April 29, 1992: LAPD preparations at parker center. Retrieved from https://www.nbclosangeles.com/on- air/april_29__1992__lapd_preparations_at_parker_center_los_angeles/1951487/.

  • NBC Southern California. (2012, May 10). LA Riots rooted deeper than verdicts. Retrieved from https://www.nbclosangeles.com/local/la_riots_rooted_deeper_than_verdicts_los_ angeles/2037300/.

  • FOX News. (2013, November 21). ‘Knockout’ game part of epidemic of senseless violence. Retrieved from https://www.foxnews.com/health/knockout-game-part-of-epidemic-of- senseless-violence.

  • Oprysko, C. (2019, July 12). Trump claims upcoming ICE raids will focus on criminals. Retrieved from https://www.politico.com/story/2019/07/12/trump-ice-raids-criminals- 1413295.

  • Parsons, A. A., Besenyi, G. M., Kaczynski, A. T., Wilhelm Stanis, S. A., Blake, C. E., & Barr- Anderson, D. J. (2015). Investigating issues of environmental injustice in neighborhoods surrounding parks. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(2), 285–303.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, L. L., & Janke, M. C. (2019). Introduction to the special issue: Contemporary trends and issues. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(4), 285–289.

    Google Scholar 

  • Payne, L. L., Schmalz, D. L., & Janke, M. C. (2018). The reemergence and revitalized focus of JLR. Journal of Leisure Research, 49(1), 1–7.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pete Wilson 1994 campaign ad on illegal immigration [Video file]. (1994). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lLIzzs2HHgY&feature=youtu.be

  • Philipp, S. (2000). Race and the pursuit of happiness. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 121–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pohl, S. L., Borrie, W. T., & Patterson, M. E. (2000). Women, wilderness, and everyday life: A documentation of the connection between wilderness recreation and women’s everyday lives. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(4), 415–434.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powers, S. L., Lee, K. J., Pitas, N. A., Graefe, A. R., & Mowen, A. J. (2019). Understanding access and use of municipal parks and recreation through an intersectionality perspective. Journal of Leisure Research, 51(4), 1–20.

  • Proposition 187: Text of Proposed Law. (1994). Retrieved from https://www.kpbs.org/documents/2014/oct/24/proposition-187-text-proposed-law/

  • Pryor, B. N. K., & Outley, C. W. (2014). Just spaces: Urban recreation centers as sites for social justice youth development. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(3), 272–290.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rappaport, N. (2019, December 29). Removal of DACA recipients has begun: It didn’t take a crystal ball to see DACA would not end well. Retrieved from https://thehill.com/opinion/immigration/476151-removal-of-daca-recipients-has-begun-it- didnt-take-a-crystal-ball-to-see.

  • Rayle, A. D. (2005). Adolescent gender differences in mattering and wellness. Journal of Adolescence, 28(6), 753–763. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2004.10.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reisigl, M., & Wodak, R. (2017). The discourse-historical approach (DHA). In R. Wodak, & M. Meyers, Methods for critical discourse analysis (pp. 87–121). Sage (2nd revised edition).

  • Riggins, R. D. (1993). Liberal education and professional studies at the undergraduate level: Still circling Moose Jaw. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 7(1), 5–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Riley, B., Skalko, T., McChesney, J., & Glascoff, M. (1998). Learn and serve: Integrating elements of social learning theory and cross cultural exposure in professional preparation. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 13(1), 55–68.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robbins, P. (2012). Political ecology: A critical introduction (2nd ed.). Wiley-Blackwell.

  • Robertson, B. J. (1999). Leisure and family: Perspectives of male adolescents who engage in delinquent activity as leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(4), 335–358.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robertson, B. J. (2009). Reflective self study: A tool for understanding leisure behavior. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 24(1), 155–161.

    Google Scholar 

  • Romano, A. (2010, March 18). Bush on Obama: ‘A triumph of the American story’. Retrieved from https://www.newsweek.com/bush-obama-triumph-american-story-217848

  • Romo, V. (2019, October 10). El Paso Walmart shooting suspect pleads not guilty. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/2019/10/10/769013051/el-paso-walmart-shooting-suspect- pleads-not-guilty.

  • Rose, J., Harmon, J., & Dunlap, R. (2018). Becoming political: An expanding role for critical leisure studies. Leisure Sciences, 40(7), 649–662.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlossberg, N. (1989). Marginality and mattering: Key issues in building community. New Directions for Student Services, 48, 5–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmalz, D., & Mowatt, R. (2014). The unsettling nature of prejudice. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(3), 245–251. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2014.11950324.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Scott, D. (2000). Tic, toe, the game is locked and nobody else can play! Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 133–137.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, E. (2018, November 30). Analysis | Obama’s evolution from downplaying identity politics to acknowledging the prevalence of tribalism. Retrieved from https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2018/11/30/obamas-evolution-downplaying- identity-politics-acknowledging-prevalence-tribalism/.

  • Shannon, C. S. (2016). Exploring factors influencing girls’ continued participation in competitive dance. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(4), 284–306.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharaievska, I., Kono, S., & Mirehie, M. S. (2019). Are we speaking the same language? The experiences of international students and scholars in North American higher education. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 34(2), 120–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shores, K. A. (2010). The politics of park design. Galen Cranz. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(1), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/00222216.2010.11950200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Simpkins, S. D., Vest, A. E., Delgado, M. Y., & Price, C. D. (2012). Do school friends participate in similar extracurricular activities?: Examining the moderating role of race/ethnicity and age. Journal of Leisure Research, 44(3), 332–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. B., Johnson, C. W., Powell, G. M., & Oliver, J. P. (2011). The relationship between multicultural service-learning and self-reported multicultural competencies in undergraduate students: A qualitative participatory action study. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 26(2), 1–13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C., Santucci, D., Xu, S., Cox, A., & Henderson, K. A. (2012). “I love my job, but...:” A narrative analysis of women’s perceptions of their careers in parks and recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, 44(1), 52–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M., Bosman, J., & Davey, M. (2019, April 25). Flint’s water crisis started 5 years ago. It’s not over. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/25/us/flint-water- crisis.html.

  • Snelgrove, R. (2015). Youth with chronic illness forming identities through leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(1), 154–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soylu Yalcinkaya, N., Estrada-Villalta, S., & Adams, G. (2017). The (biological or cultural) essence of essentialism: Implications for policy support among dominant and subordinated groups. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 900.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, W. P., Parry, D. C., & Glover, T. D. (2008). Writing leisure: Values and ideologies of research. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(3), 360–384.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stodolska, M. (1998). Assimilation and leisure constraints: Dynamics of constraints on leisure in immigrant populations. Journal of Leisure Research, 30(4), 521–551.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stodolska, M., Sharaievska, I., Tainsky, S., & Ryan, A. (2014). Minority youth participation in an organized sport program: Needs, motivations, and facilitators. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(5), 612–634.

    Google Scholar 

  • Study shows how children view race bias [Video file]. (2010, May 18). Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EQACkg5i4AY

  • Taylor, D. E. (1999). Central Park as a model for social control: Urban parks, social class and leisure behavior in nineteenth-century America. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(4), 420–477.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theriault, D. (2014). Organized leisure experiences of LBGTQ youth: Resistance and oppression. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(4), 448–461.

    Google Scholar 

  • Theriault, D. (2019). Power threats and radical healing in black youths’ leisure. Journal of Leisure Research, 50(5), 413–424.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirone, S., & Goodberry, A. (2011). Leisure, biculturalism, and second-generation Canadians. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(3), 427–444.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trussell, D. E. (2014). Dancing in the margins: Reflections on social justice and researcher identities. Journal of Leisure Research, 46(3), 342–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tucker, C., Dixon, A., & Griddine, K. (2010). Academically successful African American male urban high school students’ experiences of mattering to others at school. Professional School Counseling, 14(2), 135–145.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuggle, F. J., Kerpelman, J., & Pittman, J. (2016). Young adolescents’ shared leisure activities with close friends and dating partners: Associations with supportive communication and relationship satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 48(5), 374–394.

    Google Scholar 

  • VanSickle, J., & Schaumleffel, N. A. (2016). Developing recreation, leisure, and sport professional competencies through practitioner/academic service engagement partnerships. SCHOLE: A Journal of Leisure Studies and Recreation Education, 31(2), 37–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vazquez, M. (2019, August 9). Trump defends ICE raid strategy. Retrieved from https://www.cnn.com/2019/08/09/politics/trump-defends-ice-raid-strategy/index.html

  • Walker, G. J., & Fenton, L. (2011). Institutional concentration of leisure research: A follow-up to and extension of Jackson (2004). Journal of Leisure Research, 43(4), 475–490.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wankel, L. M., & Berger, B. G. (1990). The psychological and social benefits of sport and physical activity. Journal of Leisure Research, 22(2), 167–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weiler, B., Martin, V. Y., Canosa, A., & Cutter-Mackenzie, A. (2018). Generation Y and protected areas: A scoping study of research, theory, and future directions. Journal of Leisure Research, 49(3–5), 277–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • West, P. (1989). Urban regional parks and black minorities: Subculture, marginality, and interracial relations in park use in the Detroit metropolitan area. Leisure Sciences, 11, 11–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Winfrey, O. (1992). The LA riots. The Oprah Winfrey show. London: Channel 4.

  • Winfrey, O. (2016, October 16). The conversation we should have about race | SuperSoul. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AO36zrR3wa0

  • Winter, P. L., Palucki, L. J., & Burkhardt, R. L. (1999). Anticipated responses to a fee program: The key is trust. Journal of Leisure Research, 31(3), 207–226.

    Google Scholar 

  • Witmer, L., Bocarro, J. N., & Henderson, K. (2011). Adolescent girls’ perception of health within a leisure context. Journal of Leisure Research, 43(3), 334–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wodak, R. (2001). The discourse-historical approach. Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis, 1, 63–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wodak, R. (2009). The semiotics of racism: A critical discourse-historical analysis. Discourse, of Course: An Overview of Research in Discourse Studies, 311–326.

  • Wolf, S. (2017, October 5). Distorting the MS-13 threat. Retrieved from https://nacla.org/news/2017/10/06/distorting-ms-13-threat

  • Wu, H. C. J., & Van Egeren, L. A. (2010). Voluntary participation and parents’ reasons for enrollment in after-school programs: Contributions of race/ethnicity, program quality, and program policies. Journal of Leisure Research, 42(4), 591–620.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Availability of Data and Material

Not Applicable.

Code Availability

Not Applicable.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

Not Applicable.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Cassandra F. Rubinstein.

Ethics declarations

Conflicts of Interest/Competing Interests

Not Applicable.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rubinstein, C.F., Mowatt, R.A. A Comparative Analysis of Race and Mattering in Leisure Literature. Int J Sociol Leis 4, 315–358 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-021-00082-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-021-00082-7

Keywords

Navigation