Skip to main content
Log in

“Hey Dad, I just wanna say hello”: Digital Leisure among Nonresident Fathers

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
International Journal of the Sociology of Leisure Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Geographical separation of nonresident fathers from their children creates multiple constraints to their involvement with their children. Many interactions nonresident parents in the United States have with their children occur in a leisure context. Therefore, mobile technology and digital leisure may mitigate limitations associated with fathers’ nonresidency. This study presents findings from eight interviews with African-American and Caucasian nonresident fathers about the use of digital leisure in their fathering. Findings from this study suggest that nonresident fathers both dislike and appreciate use of mobile technology by their children. Moreover, digital leisure and mobile technology represent a part of their generative fathering practices, and appear to have some symbolic meaning in their construction of fatherhood. We further discuss these findings in the context of social justice issues associated with fathering.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Backett, K. (1987). The negotiation of fatherhood. In C. Lewis & M. O’Brien (Eds.), Reassessing fatherhood: New observations on fathers and the modern family (pp. 74–90). Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernard, R. (2000). Social research methods: Qualitative and quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B., Michelson, E. A., Halle, T. G., & Moore, K. A. (2001). Fathers’ activities with their kids. Child trends research brief. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED454954

  • Bullingham, L., & Vasconcelos, A. C. (2013). ‘The presentation of self in the online world’: Goffman and the study of online identities. Journal of Information Science, 39(1), 101–112.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunch, C., Rita R., & Nazombe, E. (eds.) (2002). Women at the Intersection: Indivisible rights, Identities, and Oppressions. New Brunswick: Center for Women’s Global Leadership, Rutgers.

  • Buswell, L., Zabriskie, R. B., Lundberg, N., & Hawkins, A. J. (2012). The relationships between father involvement in family leisure and family functioning: The importance of daily family leisure. Leisure Sciences, 34(2), 172–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera, N. J., Ryan, R. M., Mitchell, S. J., Shannon, J. D., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. S. (2008). Low-income, nonresident father involvement with their toddlers: Variation by fathers’ race and ethnicity. Journal of Family Psychology, 22(3), 643–647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Caldwell, C. H., Wright, J. C., Zimmerman, M. A., Walsemann, K. M., Williams, D., & Isichei, P. A. (2004). Enhancing adolescent health behaviors through strengthening non-resident father-son relationships: A model for intervention with African-American families. Health Education Research, 19(6), 644–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cammett, A. (2014). Deadbeat dads & welfare queens: How metaphor shapes poverty law. Boston College Journal of Law & Social Justice, 34(2), 233–265.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carter, M. J., & Fuller, C. (2015). Symbolic Interactionism. Sociopedia. Retrieved from http://www.sagepub.net/isa/resources/pdf/Symbolic%20interactionism.pdf

  • Charmaz, K. (2010). Constructing grounded theory: A practical guide through qualitative analysis. London: Sage Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

  • Cheadle, J. E., Amato, P. R., & King, V. (2010). Patterns of nonresident father contact. Demography, 47(1), 205–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cole, R. L. (2009). The best kept secret: Single Black fathers. New York: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coles, R. L., & Green, C. S. C. (2010). The myth of the missing Black father. New York: Columbia University Press.

  • Dollahite, D. C., & Hawkins, A. J. (1997). Generative fathering: Beyond deficit perspectives. Sage Publications.

  • Dollahite, D. C., & Hawkins, A. J. (1998). A conceptual ethic of generative fathering. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 7(1), 109–132.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. (1950). Childhood and society. New York: W. W. Norton Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erikson, E. (1968). Identity, youth and crisis. New York: W. W. Norton Company.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feinberg, M. E., Sakuma, K. L., Hostetler, M., & McHale, S. M. (2013). Enhancing sibling relationships to prevent adolescent problem behaviors: Theory, design and feasibility of Siblings Are Special. Evaluation and Program Planning, 36(1), 97–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1959). The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, R., & Hamill, L. (2005). Kids will be kids: The role of mobiles in teenage life. In L. Hamill & A. Lasen (Eds.), Mobile world: Past, present and future (pp. 31–74). London: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harrington, M. (2006). Sport and leisure as contexts for fathering in Australian families. Leisure Studies, 25(2), 165–183.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hodge, C. J., Bocarro, J. N., Henderson, K. A., Zabriskie, R. B., Parcel, T. L., & Kanters, M. (2015). Family leisure: An integrative review of research from select journals. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(5), 577–600.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutchinson, S. L., Afifi, T., & Krause, S. (2007). The family that plays together fares better: Examining the contribution of shared family time to family resilience following divorce. Journal of Divorce & Remarriage, 46(3–4), 21–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jenkins, J. M. (2009). Nonresident fathers’ leisure with their children. Leisure Sciences, 31(3), 255–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, J., & Mosher, D. (2013). Fathers’ involvement with their children: United States, 2006-2010. National Health Statistics Reports. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nhsr/nhsr071.pdf

  • Kim, J. S. (2014). A father’s rae to custody: An argument for multidimensional masculinities for Black men. Berkeley Journal of African-American Law & Policy, 16(1), 32–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Krämer, F. (2016). Hazards of being a male breadwinner: Deadbeat dads in the United States of the 1980s. Historical Social Research, 41(1), 223–239.

    Google Scholar 

  • LaRossa, R. (1988). Fatherhood and social change. Family Relations, 37(4), 451–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, R., Gillman, S. A., & Richards, M. (1997). Divergent experiences of family leisure: Fathers, mothers, and young adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 29(1), 78–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lenhart, A. (2015). Teens, social media & technology overview 2015: Smartphones facilitate shifts in communication landscape for teens. Retrieved from Pew Research Center at http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/09/teens-social-media-technology-2015/

  • Lenhart, A., Ling, R., Campbell, S., & Purcell, K. (2010). Teens and mobile phones. Retrieved from Pew Research Center’s Internet and American Life Project at http://www.pewinternet.org/2010/04/20/teens-and-mobile-phones/

  • Machin, A. J. (2015). Mind the gap: The expectation and reality of involved fatherhood. Fathering, 13(1), 36–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdoo, P., & McAdoo, J. L. (1997). The dynamics of African American fathers’ family roles. Michigan Family Review, 3(1), 7–15.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McHale, S. M., Kim, J., Whiteman, S. D., & Crouter, A. C. (2007). Sibling relationships in two-parent African American families. Journal of Family Psychology, 21, 227–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McManus, P. A., & DiPrete, T. A. (2001). Losers and winners: The financial consequences of separation and divorce for men. American Sociological Association, 66(2), 246–268.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mesch, G. S. (2006). Family relations and the Internet: Exploring a family boundaries approach. The Journal of Family Communication, 6(2), 119–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mintz, S., & Kellogg, S. (1988). Domestic revolutions: A social history of American family life. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mobile fact sheet (2018). Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewinternet.org/fact-sheet/mobile/

  • Mott, F. L. (1990). When is a father really gone? Paternal–Child contact in father-absent homes. Demography, 27(4), 499–517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nimrod, G., & Adoni, H. (2012). Conceptualizing E-leisure. Society and Leisure, 35(1), 31–56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olmstead, K. (2017). A third of Americans live in a household with three or more smartphones. In Pew Research Center Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/05/25/a-third-of-americans-live-in-a-household-with-three-or-more-smartphones/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pinch, T. (2010). The invisible technologies of Goffman's sociology from the merry-go-round to the Internet. Technology and Culture, 51(2), 409–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ranson, G. (2001). Men at work: Change—or no change?—in the era of the “new father” Men and Masculinities, 3, 3–26.

  • Russell, G., & Russell, A. (1987). Mother-child and father-child relationships in middle childhood. Child Development, 58(6), 1573–1585.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seltzer, J. A. (1991). Relationships between fathers and children who live apart: The father’s role after separation. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 79–101.

  • Sharaievska, I. (2017). Updating the family operating system: A literature review of information communication technology and family leisure. Leisure Sciences.

  • Sharaievska, I., & Stodolska, M. (2017). Family satisfaction and social networking leisure. Leisure Studies, 36(2), 231–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, S. M., & Dawson, D. (2001). Purposive leisure: Examining parental discourses on family activities. Leisure Sciences, 23(4), 37–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, A. (2017a). Record shares of Americans now own smartphones, have home broadband. Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/12/evolution-of-technology/

  • Smith, M. D. (2017b). The dangerous myth of the ‘missing black father.’ Washington Post. Retrieved from https://.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2017/01/10/the-dangerous-myth-of-the-missing-black-father/?utm_term=.d46522c7a70b.

  • Spracklen, K. (2013). Whiteness and leisure. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Spracklen, K. (2015). Digital leisure, the internet and popular culture: Communities and identities in a digital age. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stewart, S. D. (1999). Disneyland dads, Disneyland moms? How nonresident parents spend time with absent children. Journal of Family Issues, 20(4), 539–556.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stodolska, M. (2018). Research on race, ethnicity, immigration, and leisure: Have we missed the boat? Leisure Sciences, 40(1-2), 43–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stodolska, M., Shinew, K. J., Floyd, M. F., & Walker, G. J. (2014). Race, Ethnicity, and Leisure: Perspectives on Research, Theory, and Practice. Champaign: Human Kinetics.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stykes, J. B., Manning, W. D., & Brown, S. L. (2013). Nonresident fathers and formal child support: Evidence from the CPS, the NSFG, and the SIPP. Demographic Research, 29, 1299.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, R. D. (2007). Parenting, social-emotional development, and school achievement of African American youngsters. In S. J. Paik & H. J. Walberg (Eds.), Narrowing the Achievement Gap: Strategies for Educating Latino, Black, and Asian Students (pp. 33–49). Springer.

  • Taylor, P., Parker, K., Morin, R., Cohn, D., & Wang, W. (2013). The New American Father. In Pew Research Center Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/06/14/the-new-american-father/.

    Google Scholar 

  • The New American Father (2016). Pew Research Center. Retrieved from http://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/06/14/the-new-american-father/

  • Trask, B. S., & Hamon, R. R. (2007). Cultural Diversity and Families: Expending Perspectives. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. In Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Watkins, D. C., Johnson-Lawrence, V., & Griffith, D. M. (2011). Men and their father figures: Exploring racial and ethnic differences in mental health outcomes. Race and Social Problems, 3(3), 197–211 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12552-011-9051-5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • White, J. M., & Klein, D. M. (2008). Family theories (3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc..

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Iryna Sharaievska.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharaievska, I., Hodge, C.J. “Hey Dad, I just wanna say hello”: Digital Leisure among Nonresident Fathers. Int J Sociol Leis 1, 241–260 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-018-0016-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41978-018-0016-8

Keywords

Navigation