Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Towards human–robot collaboration in construction: current cobot trends and forecasts

  • Review
  • Published:
Construction Robotics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Collaborative robots, or cobots, provide opportunities for their use in a range of complex scenarios in different industries, including construction. As a variant of industrial robots commonly used in automation, cobots incorporate inbuilt safety measures, lower costs, and easier operator programming. This article questions the state of recent peer-reviewed research regarding the uptake and implementation of collaborative robotics in the construction industry. A ‘horizon scanning’ review of literature is presented in this article to uncover recent trends and forecasts in cobotics research specific to the construction industry. The horizon scan targets examples of human–robot collaboration (HRC) and other human–robot interactions (HRI) focussed on construction tasks. By examining where HRC has been applied in construction, we identify which drivers, enablers, and barriers that influence the future of construction cobots. Human-readable task models coupled with vision systems, such as augmented reality or haptic feedback and wearable interaction devices are strong enablers in how HRC can be better adopted. Most existing research into producing diversity in robot interaction methods for HRC prescribes to overcoming static approaches, which is well suited to answering the ever-changing nature of construction sites. On the other hand, the dynamic nature of construction sites and worker perceptions impact the uptake of new technologies in industry where cobots are often mistaken for highly automated industrial arms. Based on these findings, the need to build trust through successful use cases and case studies that demonstrate successful outcomes and productivity evaluations are necessary to overcome the barriers to cobot adoption in the construction industry.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on request.

References

  • Adriaensen A, Costantino F, Di Gravio G, Patriarca R (2022) Teaming with industrial cobots: a socio-technical perspective on safety analysis. Hum Factors Ergon Manuf 32:173–198

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Antonelli MG, D’Ambrogio W (2022) Soft pneumatic helical actuator for collaborative robotics. In: Advances in Italian mechanism science. Springer, Berlin, pp 702–709. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10776-4_81

  • Antwi-Afari MF et al (2021) Assessment of a passive exoskeleton system on spinal biomechanics and subjective responses during manual repetitive handling tasks among construction workers. Saf Sci 142:105382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Asadi E, Li B, Chen I-M (2018) Pictobot: a cooperative painting robot for interior finishing of industrial developments. IEEE Robot Autom Mag 25:82–94

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Babalola O, Ibem EO, Ezema IC (2019) Implementation of lean practices in the construction industry: a systematic review. Build Environ 148:34–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barbosa F et al (2017) Reinventing construction through a productivity revolution. https://www.mckinsey.com/business-functions/operations/our-insights/reinventing-construction-through-a-productivity-revolution

  • Barker N, Jewitt C, Price S (2020) Becoming in touch with industrial robots through ethnography. In: Companion of the 2020 ACM/IEEE international conference on human-robot interaction. Association for Computing Machinery, pp 128–130. https://doi.org/10.1145/3371382.3378246

  • Bogue R (2017) What are the prospects for robots in the construction industry? Ind Robot Int J. https://doi.org/10.1108/IR-11-2017-0194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giannopoulou G, Borrelli EM (2021) “Programming-it’s not for normal people”: a qualitative study on user-empowering interfaces for programming collaborative robots. In: 2021 30th IEEE

  • Bounouar M, Béarée R, Siadat A, Klement N, Benchekroun T-H (2020) User-centered design of a collaborative robotic system for an industrial recycling operation. In: 2020 1st international conference on innovative research in applied science, engineering and technology (IRASET), pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRASET48871.2020.9092178

  • Brell-Cokcan S (2019) Individualizing production with DIANA: a dynamic and interactive robotic assistant for novel applications. In: Research culture in architecture. Birkhäuser, pp 37–42

  • Bruun EPG et al (2021) Three cooperative robotic fabrication methods for the scaffold-free construction of a masonry arch. Autom Constr 129:103803

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cao Y, Wang T, Qian X et al (2019) GhostAR: a time-space editor for embodied authoring of human-robot collaborative task with augmented reality. In: Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM symposium on user interface software and technology. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, pp 521–534. https://doi.org/10.1145/3332165.3347902

  • Chan WP et al (2022) Design and evaluation of an augmented reality head-mounted display interface for human robot teams collaborating in physically shared manufacturing tasks. J Hum-Robot Interact 11:1–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chang S, Francis Siu M-F, Li H, Luo X (2022) Evolution pathways of robotic technologies and applications in construction. Adv Eng Inform 51:101529

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Zhao Y, Zhou X, Hao S, Li J (2022) Identifying the risk factors and their interactions of human–robot collaboration implementation during engineering project construction: evidence from China. Eng Constr Archit Manag. https://doi.org/10.1108/ECAM-05-2021-0461

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cimini C, Pirola F, Pinto R, Cavalieri S (2020) A human-in-the-loop manufacturing control architecture for the next generation of production systems. J Manuf Syst 54:258–271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cimino C, Negri E, Fumagalli L (2019) Review of digital twin applications in manufacturing. Comput Ind 113:103130

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Colgate JE, Wannasuphoprasit W, Peshkin MA (1996) Cobots: robots for collaboration with human operators. Paper presented at proceedings of the 1996 ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition, Atlanta, GA, USA, pp 433–439

  • Dakhli Z, Lafhaj Z (2017) Robotic mechanical design for brick-laying automation. Cogent Eng 4:1361600

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Davila Delgado JM et al (2019) Robotics and automated systems in construction: understanding industry-specific challenges for adoption. J Build Eng 26:100868

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deep S, Gajendran T, Jefferies M (2021) A systematic review of ‘enablers of collaboration’ among the participants in construction projects. Int J Constr Manag 21:919–931

    Google Scholar 

  • Dielemans G, Dörfler K (2021) Mobile additive manufacturing—a robotic system for cooperative on-site construction. In: IROS 2021 workshop: robotic fabrication sensing in additive construction

  • Djuric AM, Urbanic RJ, Rickli JL (2016) A framework for collaborative robot (CoBot) integration in advanced manufacturing systems. SAE Int J Mater Manuf 9:457–464

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dmytriyev Y, Insero F, Carnevale M, Giberti H (2022) Brain–computer interface and hand-guiding control in a human–robot collaborative assembly task. Machines 10:654

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dörfler K et al (2022) Additive manufacturing using mobile robots: opportunities and challenges for building construction. Cem Concr Res 158:106772

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duque Estrada R, Kannenberg F, Wagner HJ et al (2020) Spatial winding: cooperative heterogeneous multi-robot system for fibrous structures. Constr Robot 4:205–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41693-020-00036-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elashry K, Glynn R (2014) An approach to automated construction using adaptive programing. In: McGee W, Ponce de Leon M (eds) Robotic fabrication in architecture, art and design. Springer, Berlin, pp 51–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-04663-1_4

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ergun S, Ding Y, Alagi H et al (2021) A unified perception benchmark for capacitive proximity sensing towards safe human-robot collaboration (HRC). In: 2021 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA), pp 3634–3640

  • Fajarudin K, Erwandi D, Kadir A (2021) Health impacts of psychosocial factors among construction workers: a systematic review. PREPOTIF: Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat 5:496–504

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fast-Berglund Å, Palmkvist F, Nyqvist P, Ekered S, Åkerman M (2016) Evaluating cobots for final assembly. Proc CIRP 44:175–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fieuw W, Foth M, Caldwell G (2022) Towards a more-than-human approach to smart and sustainable urban development: designing for multispecies justice. Sustain Sci Pract Policy 14:948

    Google Scholar 

  • Fiori CM (2003) What’s wrong with working in construction? How image and diversity issues are affecting the shortage of skilled labor. In: Construction research congress, pp 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1061/40671(2003)3

  • Firth C, Dunn K, Haeusler MH, Sun Y (2022) Anthropomorphic soft robotic end-effector for use with collaborative robots in the construction industry. Autom Constr 138:104218

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Foth M, Caldwell G, Fredericks J (2021) A COVID-19 horizon scan looking for post-pandemic implications for design, pp 8–11. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3716593

  • Gautam M, Fagerlund H, Greicevci B, Christophe F, Havula J (2020) Collaborative robotics in construction: a test case on screwing gypsum boards on ceiling. In: 2020 5th international conference on green technology and sustainable development (GTSD), pp 88–93. https://doi.org/10.1109/GTSD50082.2020.9303061

  • Gharbia M, Chang-Richards A, Lu Y, Zhong RY, Li H (2020) Robotic technologies for on-site building construction: a systematic review. J Build Eng 32:101584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosselin F, Ferlay F, Janot A (2016) Development of a new backdrivable actuator for haptic interfaces and collaborative robots. Actuators 5:17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green SA, Billinghurst M, Chen X, Chase JG (2008) Human–robot collaboration: a literature review and augmented reality approach in design. Int J Adv Rob Syst 5:1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grushko S et al (2021) Improved mutual understanding for human-robot collaboration: combining human-aware motion planning with haptic feedback devices for communicating planned trajectory. Sensors 21:3673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haddeler G, Aybakan A, Akay MC, Temeltas H (2020) Evaluation of 3D LiDAR sensor setup for heterogeneous robot team. J Intell Robot Syst Theory Appl 100:689–709

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hadrian X®. FBR. https://www.fbr.com.au/view/hadrian-x. Accessed 1 Dec 2022

  • Heimig T et al (2020) Towards robotic steel construction through adaptive incremental point welding. Constr Robot 4:49–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hines P, Hiu YL, Guy RH, Brand A, Papaluca-Amati M (2019) Scanning the horizon: a systematic literature review of methodologies. BMJ Open 9:e026764

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ionescu TB, Schlund S (2021) Programming cobots by voice: a human-centered, web-based approach. Proc CIRP 97:123–129

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jäkel J-I, Rahnama S, Klemt-Albert K (2022) Construction robotics excellence model: a framework to overcome existing barriers for the implementation of robotics in the construction industry. In: Proceedings of the international symposium on automation and robotics in construction (IAARC). International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC). https://doi.org/10.22260/isarc2022/0085

  • Jin Z, Pagilla PR, Maske H, Chowdhary G (2021) Task learning, intent prediction, and adaptive blended shared control with application to excavators. IEEE Trans Control Syst Technol 29:18–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khatib O (2019) The age of human-robot collaboration. In: ROMANSY 22—robot design, dynamics and control. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-78963-7_2

  • Kim S et al (2019) Potential of exoskeleton technologies to enhance safety, health, and performance in construction: industry perspectives and future research directions. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 7:185–191

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Chang S, Castro-Lacouture D (2020) Dynamic modeling for analyzing impacts of skilled labor shortage on construction project management. J Manag Eng 36:04019035

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kim S, Lee H, Hwang S, Yi J-S, Son J (2022) Construction workers’ awareness of safety information depending on physical and mental load. J Asian Archit Build Eng 21:1067–1077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knudsen M, Kaivo-oja J (2020) Collaborative robots: frontiers of current literature. J Intell Syst Theory Appl 3:13–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Kopp T, Baumgartner M, Kinkel S (2021) Success factors for introducing industrial human–robot interaction in practice: an empirically driven framework. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 112:685–704

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kragic G, Karaoguz J, Krug (2018) Interactive, collaborative robots: challenges and opportunities. In: IJCAI

  • Kramberger A et al (2022) Robotic assembly of timber structures in a human–robot collaboration setup. Front Robot AI 8:395

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kyjanek O, Al Bahar B, Vasey L, Wannemacher B, Menges A (2019) Implementation of an augmented reality AR workflow for human robot collaboration in timber prefabrication. In: International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction I.A.A.R.C

  • Lagomarsino M, Lorenzini M, Balatti P, Momi ED, Ajoudani A (2022) Pick the right co-worker: online assessment of cognitive ergonomics in human–robot collaborative assembly. IEEE Trans Cognit Dev Syst. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCDS.2022.3182811

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liang C-J, Kamat V, Menassa C (2019) Teaching robots to perform construction tasks via learning from demonstration. In: Proceedings of the 36th international symposium on automation and robotics in construction (ISARC). International Association for Automation and Robotics in Construction (IAARC). https://doi.org/10.22260/isarc2019/0175

  • Liu L, Guo F, Zou Z, Duffy VG (2022) Application, development and future opportunities of collaborative robots (cobots) in manufacturing: a literature review. Int J Hum-Comput Interact. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2041907

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu L et al (2022) Human robot collaboration for enhancing work activities. Hum Factors. https://doi.org/10.1177/00187208221077722

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Loveridge R, Coray T (2017) Robots on construction sites: The potential and challenges of on-site digital fabrication. Sci Robot 2:eaan3674

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ma X, Mao C, Liu G (2022) Can robots replace human beings?—assessment on the developmental potential of construction robot. J Build Eng 56:104727

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maderna R, Pozzi M, Zanchettin AM, Rocco P, Prattichizzo D (2022) Flexible scheduling and tactile communication for human–robot collaboration. Robot Comput Integr Manuf 73:102233

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Makris S, Aivaliotis P (2022) AI-based vision system for collision detection in HRC applications. Proc CIRP 106:156–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik AA, Brem A (2020) Man, machine and work in a digital twin setup: a case study. arXiv [cs.CY]

  • Mangin O, Roncone A, Scassellati B (2022) How to be helpful? Supportive behaviors and personalization for human–robot collaboration. Front Robot AI 8:426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAfee A, Brynjolfsson E (2017) Machine, platform, crowd: harnessing our digital future. W. W. Norton & Company, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Metzner M, Utsch D, Walter M (2020) A system for human-in-the-loop simulation of industrial collaborative robot applications. In: 2020 IEEE 16th

  • Michalos G, Karagiannis P, Dimitropoulos N, Andronas D, Makris S (2022) Human robot collaboration in industrial environments. In: Aldinhas Ferreira MI, Fletcher SR (eds) The 21st century industrial robot: when tools become collaborators. Springer, Berlin, pp 17–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-78513-0_2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Michalos G et al (2015) Design considerations for safe human–robot collaborative workplaces, vol 37. Elsevier B.V, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitterberger D et al (2022) Interactive robotic plastering: augmented interactive design and fabrication for on-site robotic plastering. In: Proceedings of the 2022 CHI conference on human factors in computing systems. Association for Computing Machinery, pp 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1145/3491102.3501842

  • Onososen AO, Musonda I (2022) Research focus for construction robotics and human-robot teams towards resilience in construction: scientometric review. Proc Inst Mar Eng Sci Technol B J Des Oper. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEDT-10-2021-0590

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page MJ et al (2021) PRISMA 2020 explanation and elaboration: updated guidance and exemplars for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:n160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paolini A, Kollmannsberger S, Rank E (2019) Additive manufacturing in construction: a review on processes, applications, and digital planning methods. Addit Manuf 30:100894

    Google Scholar 

  • Paul G, Abele ND, Kluth K (2021) A review and qualitative meta-analysis of digital human modeling and cyber-physical-systems in ergonomics 4.0. IISE Trans Occup Ergon Hum Factors 9:111–123

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen J, Søndergaard A, Reinhardt D (2021) Hand-drawn digital fabrication: calibrating a visual communication method for robotic on-site fabrication. Constr Robot 5:159–173

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilat Z, Klimasara W, Pachuta M, Słowikowski M (2019) Some new robotization problems related to the introduction of collaborative robots into industrial practice. J Autom Mobile Robot Intell Syst 13:91–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Rahim FAM et al (2016) The challenge of labour shortage for sustainable construction. Pharm Manage Comb Am J Pharm. https://doi.org/10.21837/pm.v14i5.194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Regona M, Yigitcanlar T, Xia B, Li RYM (2022) Opportunities and adoption challenges of AI in the construction industry: a PRISMA review. J Open Innov Technol Market Complex 8:45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reinhardt D et al (2020) CoBuilt 4.0: investigating the potential of collaborative robotics for subject matter experts. Int J Arch Comput 18:353–370

    Google Scholar 

  • Robots and humans can work together with new ISO guidance (2016). ISO https://www.iso.org/news/2016/03/Ref2057.html

  • Saldana J (2021) The coding manual for qualitative researchers. Sage, Beverley Hills

    Google Scholar 

  • Savković M, Caiazzo C, Djapan M et al (2022) Development of modular and adaptive laboratory set-up for neuroergonomic and human-robot interaction research. Front Neurorobot 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbot.2022.863637

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz WL (2006) The cultural contradictions of managing change: using horizon scanning in an evidence-based policy context. Foresight 8:3–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segura P, Lobato-Calleros O, Ramírez-Serrano A, Soria I (2021) Human-robot collaborative systems: structural components for current manufacturing applications. Adv Ind Manuf Eng 3:100060

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegele D, Steiner D, Giusti A, Riedl M, Matt DT (2021) Optimizing collaborative robotic workspaces in industry by applying mixed reality. In: Augmented reality, virtual reality, and computer graphics. Springer, pp 544–559. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-87595-4_40

  • Solomon E, Yerazunis WS (2021) Robotic applications of mechanical metamaterials produced using SLA 3D printing: Cthulhu-Morphic Grippers. In: 2021 international solid

  • Storm FA et al (2022) Physical and mental well-being of cobot workers: a scoping review using the Software-Hardware-Environment-Liveware-Liveware-Organization model. Hum Factors Ergon Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tobe F (2015) Why co-bots will be a huge innovation and growth driver for robotics industry. https://spectrum.ieee.org/collaborative-robots-innovation-growth-driver

  • Varela A, Pedro, Sousa et al (2021) Drawing-to-factory process - using freehand drawing to drive robotic assembly of brick walls. In: Stojakovic V, Tepavcevic (ed) Towards a new, configurable architecture - Proceedings of the 39th eCAADe conference, vol 1, pp 189–194. http://papers.cumincad.org/data/works/att/ecaade2021_222.pdf

  • Vasey L, Felbrich B, Prado M, Tahanzadeh B, Menges A (2020) Physically distributed multi-robot coordination and collaboration in construction. Constr Robot 4:3–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Villani V, Pini F, Leali F, Secchi C, Fantuzzi C (2018) Survey on human-robot interaction for robot programming in industrial applications. IFAC-PapersOnLine 51:66–71

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wagner HJ et al (2020) Flexible and transportable robotic timber construction platform—TIM. Autom Constr 120:103400

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang L, Liu S, Liu H, Wang XV (2022a) Overview of human-robot collaboration in manufacturing. In: Proceedings of 5th international conference on the industry 4.0 model for advanced manufacturing. Springer, pp 15–58. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-46212-3_2

  • Wang X, Liang CJ, Menassa CC, Kamat VR (2022b) Real-time process-level digital twin for collaborative human-robot construction work. In: International association on automation and robotics in construction (IAARC)

  • Wu M, Lin J-R, Zhang X-H (2022) How human-robot collaboration impacts construction productivity: an agent-based multi-fidelity modeling approach. Adv Eng Inform 52:101589

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xia Z et al (2019) Vision-based hand gesture recognition for human-robot collaboration: a survey. In: 2019 5th international conference on control, automation and robotics (ICCAR). ieeexplore.ieee.org, pp 198–205. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAR.2019.8813509

  • Xu X, Holgate T, Coban P, de Soto BG (2021) Implementation of a robotic system for overhead drilling operations: a case study of the Jaibot in the UAE. In: 38th international symposium on automation and robotics in construction (ISARC 2021). https://doi.org/10.22260/ISARC2021/0089

  • Yablonina M, Ringley B, Brugnaro G, Menges A (2021) Soft Office: a human–robot collaborative system for adaptive spatial configuration. Constr Robot 5:23–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang G et al (2021) Hallway exploration-inspired guidance: applications in autonomous material transportation in construction sites. Autom Constr 128:103758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • You S, Kim J-H, Lee S, Kamat V, Robert LP Jr (2018) Enhancing perceived safety in human–robot collaborative construction using immersive virtual environments. Autom Constr 96:161–170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou T, Wang Y, Zhu Q, Du J (2022) Human hand motion prediction based on feature grouping and deep learning: Pipe skid maintenance example. Autom Constr 138:104232

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the support received through the following funding schemes of Australian Government: ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre (ITTC) for Collaborative Robotics in Advanced Manufacturing under Grant IC200100001.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Australian Cobotics Centre, School of Architecture and Built Environment, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia

    Alan G. Burden & Glenda Amayo Caldwell

  2. Australian Cobotics Centre, Centre for Advanced Manufacturing, School of Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia

    Matthias R. Guertler

Authors
  1. Alan G. Burden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Glenda Amayo Caldwell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Matthias R. Guertler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alan G. Burden.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Burden, A.G., Caldwell, G.A. & Guertler, M.R. Towards human–robot collaboration in construction: current cobot trends and forecasts. Constr Robot 6, 209–220 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41693-022-00085-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41693-022-00085-0

Keywords

Search

Navigation