Abstract
In Brazil, archaeology of the Spanish Jesuit missions tends to focus on Rio Grande do Sul State. Yet the early missions founded in the province of Guairá (1610–1631), current day Paraná State, can offer unique insights into the Jesuit occupation of the Rio de la Plata region and the initial iterations and experimentations of the Jesuit mission project. Herein, we present an analysis of an archaeological collection excavated in 1963 from the San Ignacio mission founded in 1610 and occupied until 1631. We examine the ceramic collection and architectural elements of the mission and discuss the responses to and negotiations of missionization, underscoring the cultural dynamics in this frontier region. We also examine the implications of this ceramic assemblage in relation to current practice in Guaraní archaeology that uses ethnohistorical sources from the Jesuit fathers to identify and interpret precontact Guaraní ceramics.
Resumen
En Brasil, la arqueología de las misiones jesuíticas españolas tiende a concentrarse en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul. Sin embargo, las primeras misiones fundadas en la provincia de Guairá (1610–1631), actual estado de Paraná, pueden ofrecer una visión única de la ocupación jesuita de la región del Río de la Plata y las iteraciones y experimentaciones iniciales del proyecto misionero jesuita. Presentamos aquí un análisis de una colección arqueológica excavada en 1963 de la Misión de San Ignacio, fundada en 1610 y ocupada hasta 1631. Examinamos la colección de cerámica y los elementos arquitectónicos de la misión y abordamos las respuestas y negociaciones de la misionización, subrayando las dinámicas culturales en esta región fronteriza. También examinamos las implicaciones de este conjunto cerámico en relación con la práctica actual en la arqueología guaraní, que utiliza fuentes etnohistóricas de los padres jesuitas para identificar e interpretar la cerámica guaraní anterior al contacto.
Résumé
Au Brésil, l’archéologie des mission jésuites espagnoles a tendance à se concentrer sur l’État du Rio Grande do Sul. Cependant, les premières missions fondées dans la province de Guairá (1610–1631), qui est actuellement l’État du Paraná, peuvent apporter des perspectives uniques sur l’occupation jésuite de la région du Rio de la Plata et sur les itérations et expérimentations initiales du projet de mission jésuite. Nous présentons dans cet article une analyse d’une collecte archéologique de 1963 issue de fouilles à la Mission San Ignacio, fondée en 1610 et occupée jusqu’à 1631. Nous étudions la collecte de céramiques ainsi que les éléments architecturaux de la mission et discutons des réactions à la missionarisation ainsi que des négociations en rapport, en mettant l’accent sur les dynamiques culturelles dans cette région frontalière. Nous procédons également à un examen de cet assemblage de céramiques dans le cadre de la pratique actuelle dans l’archéologie Guaraní qui s’appuie sur des sources ethno-historiques issues des pères jésuites afin d’identifier et d’interpréter les céramiques Guaraní antérieures au contact.
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Notes
Also referred to as San Ignácio Menor, and different from the mission of San Ignacio Guazu founded in 1609 (Sarreal 2014).
Unfortunately, the original plans or maps of Nuestra Señora de Loreto, founded at the same time as San Ignacio, are unavailable for comparison. The second set of plans shows the typical barracks style for the neophyte home (Acosta 2016:383).
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Appendices
Appendix 1 Ceramic artifacts excavated from all contexts, with vessel form, decoration, number of fragments, weight (in grams), estimated vessel equivalents (EVE), and percentage of total context EVE
Context 0–25 cm | Context 25–50 cm | Context 50–75 cm | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Form and Decoration | Number | Weight (g) | EVE | %EVE | Form and Decoration | Number | Weight (g) | EVE | %EVE | Form and Decoration | Number | Weight (g) | EVE | % EVE |
Deep plate | 106 | 2388.6 | 34 | 24% | Deep plate | 78 | 3551.6 | 32 | 25% | Deep plate | 30 | 1145.2 | 21 | 30% |
Slipped | 73 | 1721 | 20 | — | Slipped | 62 | 3075.2 | 21 | — | Slipped | 25 | 891.3 | 17 | — |
Brushed | 8 | 257.4 | 6 | — | Brushed | 6 | 217.1 | 3 | — | Undecorated | 4 | 208.2 | 3 | — |
Undecorated | 22 | 384.9 | 6 | — | Undecorated | 6 | 76.4 | 4 | — | Incised | 1 | 45.7 | 1 | — |
Other | 3 | 25.3 | 2 | — | Incised | 3 | 140.7 | 3 | — | Small cooking/storage | 15 | 600.5 | 13 | 18% |
Shallow bowl | 51 | 791.7 | 25 | 17% | Unsmoothed coil | 1 | 42.2 | 1 | — | Brushed | 7 | 271.8 | 6 | — |
Slipped | 35 | 439.4 | 11 | — | Shallow bowl | 54 | 1124.1 | 24 | 18.8% | Slipped | 3 | 33.2 | 2 | — |
Undecorated | 5 | 22.9 | 4 | — | Slipped | 42 | 954.7 | 14 | — | Brushed/fingernail ridged | 2 | 221.8 | 2 | — |
Brushed | 3 | 33 | 2 | — | Undecorated | 6 | 51.4 | 5 | — | Undecorated | 1 | 31.5 | 1 | — |
Fingernail marked | 3 | 26.4 | 3 | — | Brushed | 3 | 20.2 | 2 | — | Fingernail ridged | 1 | 27.1 | 1 | — |
Unsmoothed coil | 1 | 245 | 1 | — | Painted | 1 | 7.2 | 1 | — | Incised | 1 | 15.1 | 1 | — |
Other | 4 | 25 | 4 | — | Nodulated | 1 | 65.4 | 1 | — | Shallow bowl | 11 | 391.2 | 9 | 13% |
Small cooking/storage | 47 | 1043.3 | 23 | 16% | Fingernail marked | 1 | 25.2 | 1 | — | Slipped | 5 | 27.3 | 4 | — |
Slipped | 9 | 221 | 6 | — | Small cooking/storage | 32 | 992.4 | 24 | 18.8% | Undecorated | 3 | 38.6 | 2 | — |
Brushed | 25 | 454.2 | 8 | — | Slipped | 16 | 182.8 | 10 | — | Brushed | 2 | 309.7 | 2 | — |
Fingernail marked | 5 | 241.8 | 4 | — | Brushed | 8 | 454.8 | 6 | — | Combed | 1 | 15.6 | 1 | — |
Undecorated | 4 | 43.1 | 3 | — | Undecorated | 4 | 29.5 | 3 | — | Shallow plate | 15 | 407.4 | 9 | 13% |
Combed | 3 | 70.7 | 1 | — | Fingernail marked | 1 | 78.2 | 2 | — | Slipped | 12 | 305.7 | 6 | — |
Unsmoothed coil | 1 | 12.5 | 1 | — | Brushed/fingernail marked | 1 | 169.9 | 1 | — | Brushed | 2 | 74.3 | 2 | — |
Shallow plate | 47 | 803.2 | 19 | 13% | Corrugated | 1 | 47.3 | 1 | — | Incised | 1 | 27.4 | 1 | — |
Slipped | 37 | 597.1 | 10 | — | Painted | 1 | 29.9 | 1 | — | Large bowl | 4 | 66.5 | 3 | 4% |
Brushed | 4 | 37.6 | 4 | — | Shallow plate | 50 | 1214.6 | 21 | 16.4% | Slipped | 3 | 51.8 | 2 | — |
Undecorated | 3 | 43.3 | 3 | — | Slipped | 42 | 895.4 | 16 | — | Brushed | 1 | 14.7 | 1 | — |
Incised | 3 | 125.2 | 2 | — | Brushed | 5 | 52.7 | 2 | — | Large cooking/storage—slipped | 3 | 244.7 | 3 | 4% |
Large bowl | 18 | 1090.4 | 12 | 8% | Unsmoothed coil | 1 | 210.5 | 1 | — | Small-mouth jar—undecorated | 1 | 5.2 | 1 | 1% |
Slipped | 13 | 753.1 | 7 | — | Painted | 1 | 35.8 | 1 | — | Unidentified | 37 | 706.3 | 12 | 17% |
Brushed | 3 | 153.3 | 3 | — | Incised | 1 | 20.2 | 1 | — | Slipped | 24 | 493.6 | 8 | — |
Fingernail marked | 1 | 36.2 | 1 | — | Large bowl | 13 | 897.9 | 10 | 7.8% | Undecorated | 7 | 90.3 | — | — |
Painted | 1 | 147.8 | 1 | — | Slipped | 7 | 182.3 | 4 | — | Brushed | 3 | 17 | 2 | — |
Large cooking/storage | 5 | 397 | 5 | 3% | Brushed | 4 | 663.5 | 4 | — | Fingernail marked | 2 | 92.6 | 2 | — |
Slipped | 4 | 321.6 | 4 | — | Slipped/nicked | 1 | 3.5 | 1 | — | Marked with fabric | 1 | 12.8 | — | — |
Brushed | 1 | 75.4 | 1 | — | Painted | 1 | 48.6 | 1 | — | Body sherd | 190 | 3646.3 | — | |
Unidentified form | 101 | 1503.5 | 24 | 17% | Large cooking/storage | 3 | 335 | 3 | 2.3% | Slipped | 69 | 1199.7 | — | — |
Slipped | 54 | 961.8 | 11 | — | Combed/slipped | 1 | 82 | 1 | — | Undecorated | 84 | 1592.5 | — | — |
Undecorated | 23 | 294.6 | 7 | — | Brushed and painted interior | 1 | 97.9 | 1 | — | Brushed | 22 | 504.5 | — | — |
Brushed | 16 | 130.5 | 1 | — | Brushed and polished interior | 1 | 155.1 | 1 | — | Combed | 5 | 95.9 | — | — |
Other | 7 | 110.9 | 5 | — | Unidentified | 63 | 1154.4 | 14 | 10.9% | Incised | 4 | 92.3 | — | — |
Glazed | 1 | 5.7 | 1 | — | Slipped | 36 | 677.2 | 9 | — | Fingernail ridged | 2 | 85.9 | — | — |
Body sherd | 666 | 13,704.2 | — | — | Undecorated | 20 | 382.3 | 2 | — | Slipped with appliqué | 1 | 29.3 | — | — |
Slipped | 247 | 4050.6 | — | — | Brushed | 4 | 20.9 | 1 | — | Fingernail marked | 1 | 21.9 | — | — |
Undecorated | 241 | 5182.8 | — | — | Painted | 2 | 68.7 | 1 | — | Nicked | 1 | 18.9 | — | — |
Brushed | 121 | 3358.4 | — | — | Nodulated | 1 | 5.3 | 1 | — | Corrugated | 1 | 5.4 | — | — |
Fingernail marked/ridged | 23 | 424.5 | — | — | Body sherd | 455 | 8455.5 | — | — | Total | 306 | 7213.3 | 71 | |
Incised | 16 | 264.9 | — | — | Slipped | 202 | 3337.9 | — | — | |||||
Combed | 10 | 243.1 | — | — | Undecorated | 157 | 2945.8 | — | — | |||||
Other | 8 | 179.9 | — | — | Brushed | 68 | 1563.1 | — | — | |||||
Urn––painted | 1 | 144.2 | 1 | 1% | Incised | 9 | 206.3 | — | — | |||||
Handle––slipped | 2 | 55.3 | 2 | 1% | Painted | 5 | 127.5 | — | — | |||||
Context total | 1,044 | 21,921.4 | 145 | Fingernail marked/ridges | 6 | 65.1 | — | — | ||||||
Combed | 5 | 126.9 | — | — | ||||||||||
Nicked | 1 | 67.3 | — | — | ||||||||||
Nodulated | 2 | 15.6 | — | — | ||||||||||
Context total | 748 | 17,725.5 | 128 | |||||||||||
Appendix 2 Comparison of vessel forms from three different studies
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Nimmo, E.R., Parellada, C.I. Reanalyzing an Archaeological Collection from San Ignacio Miní (1610–1631), an Early Spanish Jesuit Mission in Southern Brazil. Hist Arch 57, 286–314 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-023-00388-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41636-023-00388-1