Abstract
Kinetic Alfvén waves (KAWs) are low-frequency dispersive Alfvén waves with a small perpendicular wavelength and long parallel wavelength to the ambient magnetic field direction. KAWs carry the parallel electric field with a large perpendicular wave vector angle to the ambient magnetic field. It is well known that KAWs play a significant role in the mass and energy transport in the magnetosphere during substorms. The substorm is a 1–3 h short time coupling between the solar wind, magnetosphere, and ionosphere. The mass and energy from the solar wind are transport into the magnetosphere, and then, the energy is dissipative in the magnetotail associated with substorm auroral in the high-latitude ionosphere. The unique feature of kinetic Alfvén waves is that the accompanied parallel electric field which can accelerate electrons and ions along the ambient magnetic field. On the other hand, the KAWs’ large perpendicular electric field can accelerate ions cross the magnetic field and provide large Poynting flux along the magnetic field. The small-scale KAWs can be excited by the surface wave mode conversion on the magnetospheric boundary layer with large density and magnetic field gradient, such as the magnetopause and plasma sheet boundary layer. The finite ion gyroradius effect and electron pressure effect in the high β plasma, such as in the magnetotail plasma sheet and its boundary layer on KAWs, are both consider in this review paper. Under the different β value space plasma, the theory dispersion relation and observations on KAWs in the magnetotail during substorms are presented.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
References
S.-I. Akasofu, Planet. Space Sci. 12, 273–282 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(64)90151-5
S.-I. Akasofu, D.S. Kimball, C.-I. Meng, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys. 27, 173–174 (1965)
S.-I. Akasofu, Physics of magnetospheric substorms, Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co. (Astrophysics and Space Science Library. Volume 47) (1977)
V. Angelopoulos et al., Science 321, 931–935 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1160495
T.M. Antonsen Jr., B. Lane, Phys. Fluids 23, 1205–1214 (1980)
D.N. Baker, T.A. Fritz, R.L. McPherron, D.H. Fairfield, Y. Kamide, W. Baumjohann, J. Geophys. Res. 90(A2), 1205–1216 (1985). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA090iA02p01205
D.N. Baker et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 12975 (1996)
J. Birn, R. Nakamura, E. Panov, M. Hesse, J. Geophys. Res. 116, A01210 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016083
P. Catto, J. Plasma Phys 20, 719–722 (1978)
P.J. Catto, W.M. Tang, D.E. Baldwin, Plasma Phys. 23, 639–650 (1981)
A.A. Chan, M. Xia, L. Chen, J. Geopbys. Res. 99(A9), 17351–17366 (1994)
C.C. Chaston, J.W. Bonnell, C.W. Carlson, J.P. McFadden, R.E. Ergun, R.J. Strangeway. J. Geophys. Res. 108(A4), 8003 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009420
C. Chaston, V. Génot, J. Bonnell, C. Carlson, J. McFadden, R. Ergun et al., J. Geophys. Res. 111, A03206 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011367
C. Chaston, J. Johnson, M. Wilber, M. Acuna, M. Goldstein, H. Reme, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(1), 015001 (2009)
C. Chaston, J.W. Bonnell, J.R. Wygant, F. Mozer, S.D. Bale, K. Kersten et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 41, 209–215 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013GL058507
L. Chen, A. Hasegawa, J. Geopbys. Res. 96, 1503 (1991)
L. Chen, F. Zonca, Rev. Mod. Phys. 88, 015008 (2016)
Y. Chen, Z.Y. Li, W. Liu, Z.D. Shi, Phys. Plasmas 7(1), 371 (2000)
L. Chen, D.J. Wu, J. Huang, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 118, 2951–2957 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1002/jgra.50332
L. Chen, D.J. Wu, G.Q. Zhao, J.F. Tang, J. Huang, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 120, 61–69 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2014JA020742
L. Chen, H.T. Chen, F. Zonca, Y. Lin, Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 64, 245211 (2021)
L. Cheng, Y. Lin, J.D. Perez, J.R. Johnson, X. Wang. J. Geophys. Res Space Phys. 125, e2019JA027062 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027062
C. Cheng, J.R. Johnson, J. Geophys. Res. 104(A1), 413–427 (1999)
C.Z. Cheng, A.T.Y. Lui, Geophys. Res. Lett. 25(21), 4091–4094 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1029/1998GL900093
I.A. Daglis, W.I. Axford, J. Geophys. Res. 101(A3), 5047–5065 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1029/95JA02592
I.A. Daglis, S. Livi, E.T. Sarris, B. Wilken, J. Geophys. Res. 99(A4), 5691–5703 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1029/93JA02772
L. Dai, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102(24), 245003 (2009)
L. Dai, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 123(9), 7332–7341 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA025251
L. Dai, J.R. Wygant, C. Cattell, J. Dombeck, S. Thaller, C. Mouikis, A. Balogh, H. Rème, J. Geophys. Res. 116, A12227 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JA017004
L. Dai, C. Wang, Y. Zhang, B. Lavraud, J. Burch, C. Pollock, R.B. Torbert, Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 634–640 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL071044
P. Damiano, J. Johnson, C. Chaston, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 120, 5623–5632 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA021074
J. Dombeck, C. Cattell, J.R. Wygant, A. Keiling, J. Scudder. J. Geophys. Res. 110, A12S90 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JA011269
S.P. Duan, Z.Y. Li, Commun. Theor. Phys. 40(5), 601–606 (2003)
S.P. Duan, Z.Y. Li, Z.X. Liu, Planet. Space Sci. 53(11), 1167–1173 (2005)
S.P. Duan, Z.X. Liu, J.B. Cao et al., Sci. China Ser. E-Tech. Sci. 51, 1721–1730 (2008)
S.P. Duan, Z.X. Liu, J. Liang, Y.C. Zhang, T. Chen, Ann. Geophys. 29, 331–339 (2011)
S.P. Duan, Z.X. Liu, V. Angelopoulos, Chin. Sci. Bull. 57(12), 1429–1435 (2012)
S.P. Duan, L. Dai, C. Wang, J. Liang, A.T.Y. Lui, L.J. Chen, Z.H. He, Y.C. Zhang, V. Angelopoulos, J. Geophys. Res. 121(5), 4316–4330 (2016)
S. Duan, L. Dai, C. Wang, et al. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 122, 11256–73 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JA024418
S.P. Duan, C. Wang, W.W. Liu, Z.H. He, Earth Planet. Phys. 5(3), 239–250 (2021). https://doi.org/10.26464/epp2021031
M. Fok, T.E. Moore, P.C. Brandt, D.C. Delcourt, S.P. Slinker, J.A. Fedder, J. Geophys. Res. 111(10), 222 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1029/2006JA011839
E.A. Frieman, L. Chen, Phys. Fluids 25, 502–508 (1982)
C.K. Goertz, Planet. Space Sci. 32, 387 (1984)
C.K. Goertz, R.A. Smith, J. Geopbys. Res. 94, 6581 (1989)
P. Harvey, et al., The Electric Field Instrument on the Polar satellite, Space Sci. Rev., 71, N1–4, 1995. (Reproduced in The Global Geospace Mission, edited by C. T. Russell, p. 583, Kluwer Acad., Norwell, Mass., 1995.)
A. Hasegawa, J. Geophysics. Res. 81, 5083 (1976)
A. Hasegawa, L. Chen, Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 370 (1975)
A. Hasegawa, L. Chen, Phys. Fluids 19, 1924–1934 (1976)
A. Hasegawa, C.G. MacLennan, Geophys. Res. Lett. 17, 1605 (1990)
A. Hasegawa, K. Mima, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1117 (1978a)
A. Hasegawa, K. Mima, J. Geophys. Res. 83, 1117 (1978b)
J.V. Holleweg, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 14811 (1999)
J.E.W. Hones, Sol. Phys. 47, 101–113 (1976)
M. Hong, D. Swift, Y. Lin, Adv. Space Res. 41(8), 1298–1304 (2008)
G.G. Howes, S.C. Cowley, W. Dorland, G.W. Hammett, E. Quataert, A.A. Schekochihin, Astrophys. J. 651, 590–614 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1086/506172
G.L. Huang, D.Y. Wang, D.J. Wu, H. De Feraudy, D. Le Quéau, M. Volwerk, B. Holback, J. Geophys. Res. 102(A4), 7217–7224 (1997)
S.Y. Huang, M. Zhou, F. Sahraoui, X.H. Deng, Y. Pang, Z.G. Yuan, Q. Wei, J.F. Wang, X.M. Zhou, J. Geophys. Res. 115, A12211 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA015335
H. Huang, Y. Yu, L. Dai, & T. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 123 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1029/2017JA025071.
P. Hudson, Planet. Space Sci. 19(12), 1693–1699 (1971)
C.-H. Hui, C.E. Seyler, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 3953 (1992)
A.J. Hull, C.C. Chaston, H.U. Frey, M.O. Fillingim, M.L. Goldstein, J.W. Bonnell, F.S. Mozer, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics 121, 3978–4004 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2015JA022000
J.R. Johnson, C. Cheng, Geophys. Res. Lett. 24(11), 1423–1426 (1997)
M. Johnson, J.R. Wygant, C. Cattell, F.S. Mozer, M. Temerin, J. Scudder, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 19023 (2001)
N.M.E. Kalmoni et al., J. Geophys. Res. 120, 8503–8516 (2015)
N.M.E. Kalmoni et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 44, 2078–2087 (2017)
N.M.E. Kalmoni, I.J. Rae, C.E.J. Watt, K.R. Murphy, M. Samara, R.G. Mitchell et al., Nat. Commun. 9, 4806 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07086-0
A. Keiling, Space Sci. Rev. 142(1–4), 73–156 (2009)
A. Keiling, J.R. Wygant, C.A. Cattell, M. Temerin, F.S. Mozer, C.A. Kletzing et al., Geophys. Res. Lett. 27, 3169–3173 (2000)
A. Keiling, J.R. Wygant, C. Cattell, M. Johnson, M. Temerin, F. Mozer, C.A. Kletzing, J. Scudder, C.T. Russell, W. Peterson, J. Geophys. Res. 106, 5779 (2001a)
A. Keiling, J.R. Wygant, C. Cattell, K.H. Kim, C.T. Russell, D.K. Milling et al., J. Geophys. Res. 106(A11), 25891–25904 (2001b). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900082
A. Keiling, J.R. Wygant, C. Cattell, W. Peria, G. Parks, M. Temerin et al., J. Geophys. Res. 107(A7), 1132 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900140
A. Keiling, K.H. Kim, J.R. Wygant, C. Cattell, C.T. Russell, C.A. Kletzing, J. Geophys. Res. 108(A7), 1275 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009340
A. Keiling, S. Thaller, J. Wygant, J. Dombeck, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 124, 8637–8646 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA026805
A. Keiling, S. Thaller, J. Dombeck, J. Wygant. J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 125, e2019JA027444 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027444
C.A. Kletzing, J. Geophys. Res. 99, 11095 (1994)
R.J. Leamon, C.W. Smith, N.F. Ness, H.K. Wong, J. Geophys. Res. 104, 22331–44 (1999)
W. Lennartsson, E.G. Shelley, J. Geophys. Res. 91(A3), 3061–3076 (1986). https://doi.org/10.1029/JA091iA03p03061
L.C. Lee, J.R. Johnson, Z.W. Ma, J. Geophys. Res. 99(A9), 17405 (1994)
J. Liang, E.F. Donovan, W.W. Liu, B. Jackel, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L17S19 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL033666
J. Liang, Y. Lin, J.R. Johnson, X. Wang, Z.X. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 121, 6526–6548 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JA022505
J. Liang, Y. Lin, J.R. Johnson, Z.X. Wang, X. Wang, Phys. Plasmas 24(10), 102110 (2017)
Y. Lin, J. Johnson, X. Wang, J. Geophys. Res. 115, A04208 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA014524
Y. Lin, J.R. Johnson, X. Wang, Phys. Rev. Lett. 109(12), 125003 (2012)
P. Louarn, J.E. Wahlund, T. Chust, H. deFeraudy, A. Roux, B. Holback, P.O. Dovner, A.I. Eriksson, G. Holmgren, Geophys. Res. Lett. 21, 1847 (1994)
A.T.Y. Lui, J. Geophys. Res. 96(A2), 1849–1856 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1029/90JA02430
A.T.Y. Lui, J. Geophys. Res. 101(A6), 13067–13088 (1996)
A.T.Y. Lui, Space Sci. Rev. 113, 127–206 (2004)
A.T.Y. Lui, C.-L. Chang, A. Mankofsky, H.-K. Wong, D. Winske, J. Geophys. Res. 96(A7), 11389–11401 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA00892
A.T.Y. Lui, K. Liou, M. Nosé, S. Ohtani, D.J. Williams, T. Mukai, K. Tsuruda, S. Kokubun, Geophys. Res. Lett. 26(19), 2905–2908 (1999)
A.T.Y. Lui, M. Volwerk, M.W. Dunlop, I.V. Alexeev, A.N. Fazakerley, A.P. Walsh, M. Lester, A. Grocott, C. Mouikis, H. Rème, J. Geophys. Res. 113(A7), A07S26 (2008)
R.L. Lysak, T. Dum, J. Geophys. Res. 88(A1), 365 (1983)
R.L. Lysak, Phys. Plasmas 15, 062901 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2918742
R.L. Lysak, W. Lotko, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 5085–5094 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1029/95JA03712
R.L. Lysak, Y. Song, J. Geophys. Res. 108(A4), 8005 (2003a). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009406
R.L. Lysak, Y. Song, J. Geophys. Res. 108(A8), 1327 (2003b). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA009859
R.L. Lysak, Y. Song, Geophys. Res. Lett. 35, L20101 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008GL035728
R.L. Lysak, Y. Song, T.W. Jones, Ann. Geophys. 27, 2237–2246 (2009). https://doi.org/10.5194/angeo-27-2237-2009
R.L. Lysak, Y. Song, J. Geophys. Res. 110, A10S06 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010803
R.L. Lysak, Y. Song, J. Geophys. Res. 116, A00K14 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JA016424.
L. R. Lyon, J. Geophys. Res. 101(A6), 13011–13025 (1996)
N.C. Maynard, W.J. Burke, E.M. Basinska, G.M. Erickson, W.J. Hughes, H.J. Singer et al., J. Geophys. Res. 101, 7705–7736 (1996)
R.L. McPherron, C.T. Russell, M.A. Aubry, J. Geophys. Res. 78, 3131 (1973)
S.B. Mende, H.U. Frey, B.J. Morsony, T.J. Immel, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A9), 1339 (2003a). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009751
S. Mende, C. Carlson, H. Frey, T. Immel, J. Gerard, J. Geophys. Res., 108(A4), 8010 (2003b). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009413
Y. Miyashita, S. Machida, K. Liou, T. Mukai, Y. Saito, H. Hayakawa, C.-I. Meng, G.K. Parks, J. Geophys. Res. 108(A9), 1353 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JA009939
Y. Miyashita, V. Angelopoulos, K. Fukui, S. Machida (2018). Geophys. Res. Lett. 45, 6353–6361 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1029/2018GL078589
A.N. Mukai, S. Kokubun, J. Geophys. Res. 103, 4419–4440 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1029/97JA02190
T. Nagai, M. Fujimoto, Y. Saito, S. Machida, T. Terasawa, R. Nakamura, T. Yamamoto, T. Mende, C.W. Carlson, H.U. Frey, L.M. Peticolas, N. Østgaard, J. Geophys. Res. 108, 1344 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JA009787.2003.
Y. Nishimura, L. Lyons, S. Zou, V. Angelopoulos, S. Mende, J. Geophys. Res. 115, A07222 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1029/2009JA015166
I.J. Rae, et al., J. Geophys. Res. 114, A00C09 (2009a). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013559
I.J. Rae et al., J. Geophys. Res. 114, A07220 (2009b). https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JA013771
I.J. Rae, C.E.J. Watt, K.R. Murphy, H.U. Frey, L.G. Ozeke, D.K. Milling, I.R. Mann, J. Geophys. Res. 117, A08213 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1029/2012JA017534
I.J. Rae, K.R. Murphy, C.E.J. Watt, G. Rostoker, R. Rankin, I.R. Mann, C.R. Hodgson, H.U. Frey, A.W. Degeling, C. Forsyth, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics 119, 5343–5363 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JA018889
A. Roux, S. Perraut, P. Robert, A. Morane, A. Pedersen, A. Korth, G. Kremser, B. Aparicio, D. Rodgers, R. Pellinen, J. Geophys. Res. 96(A10), 17697–714 (1991). https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA01106.
J.C. Samson, D.D. Wallis, T.J. Hughes, F. Creutzberg, J.M. Ruohoniemi, R.A. Greenwald, J. Geophys. Res. 97, 8495–8518 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1029/91JA03156
J.C. Samson, L.L. Cogger, Q. Pao, J. Geophys. Res. 101, 17373–17383 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1029/96JA01086
M. Shay, J. Drake, J. Eastwood, T. Phan, Phys. Rev. Lett. 107(6), 065001 (2011)
A.W. Smith, I.J. Rae, C. Forsyth, C.E.J. Watt, K.R. Murphy, J. Geophys. Res. Space Phys. 125, e2019JA027573 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1029/2019JA027573
K. Stasiewicz et al., Space Sci. Rev. 92, 423–533 (2000)
T.H. Stix, Waves in plasmas (Am. Inst. of Phys, New York, 1992)
K. Takahashi, S. Kokubun, T. Sakurai, R. McEntire, T. Potemra, R. Lopez, Geophys. Res. Lett. 15(11), 1287–1290 (1988)
J.-E. Wahlund, P. Louam, T. Chust, H. deFeraudy, A. Roux, B. Holback, P.O. Dovner, G. Holmgren, Geophys. Res. Lett. 2J(1831), 1994 (1994)
X. Wang, Z. Liu, Z. Li, X. Zhang, Phys. Plasmas 5(4), 836–840 (1998a)
X.Y. Wang et al., Phys. Plasmas 5(12), 4395–4440 (1998b)
D.Y. Wang, D.J. Wu, G.L. Huang, Solitary Waves in Space Plasma (Shanghai Scientific and Technological Education Publishing House, Shanghai, 2000)
D.J. Wu, Phys. Rev. E (2003). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.67.027402
D.J. Wu, L. Chen, Astrophys. J. 771, 3 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/771/1/3
D.J. Wu, L. Chen, Kinetic Alfvén Waves in Laboratory, Space, and Astrophysical Plasmas (Nanjing University Press, Springer, 2021)
D.J. Wu et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 77(21), 4346–4349 (1996a)
D.J. Wu et al., Phys. Plasmas 3(8), 2879–2884 (1996b)
D.J. Wu et al., Phys. Plasmas 4(3), 611–617 (1997)
J. Wygant, A. Keiling, C. Cattell, L.M. Johnson, R. Lysak, M. Temerin et al., J. Geophys. Res. 105(A8), 18675–18692 (2000)
J.R. Wygant et al., J. Geophys. Res. 110, A09206 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010708
J. Wygant, A. Keiling, C. Cattell, R. Lysak, M. Temerin, F. Mozer, et al.. J. Geophys. Res. 107(A8), 1201 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JA900113
Z.H. Zhang et al., Earth Planet. Phys. 6(5) (2022). https://doi.org/10.26464/epp2022041
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 41731070, 41674167, 41874196, and 42174209; the Strategic Pioneer Program on Space Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, under Grant XDA15052500, XDA15350201, and XDA15011401; and in part by the Specialized Research Fund for State Key Laboratories of China.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
All authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Duan, S., Dai, L. & Wang, C. Kinetic Alfvén waves in the magnetotail during substorms. Rev. Mod. Plasma Phys. 6, 40 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-022-00100-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41614-022-00100-5