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Potential of waste distorted bricks to produce internally cured concrete under adverse curing conditions

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Abstract

In Bangladesh, every year around five billion distorted bricks are produced due to overheating. These distorted bricks are treated as wastes in brick fields and usually disposed under the soil causing significant negative environmental impact. Recent studies found that internally cured (IC) concrete, using saturated brick chips (BCs) as an internal curing medium partially in place of stone chips, experienced enhanced mechanical and durability properties than conventional concrete (NC) with stone aggregate when exposed to adverse curing conditions. Consequently, distorted brick chips (DBCs) appear to have considerable potential to produce IC concrete, provided that they possess adequate absorption and desorption capacities. Hence, an effort was made to explore the potential of DBC as internal curing agent when proper curing for concrete cannot be ensured. It was found that saturated DBC showed moderate absorption and satisfactory desorption property and could be used to produce IC concrete. IC samples with DBC experienced higher strength and enhanced resistance against chloride intrusion than their NC counterparts in the presence of improper curing. Moreover, significant economic and environmental benefit could be attained through the utilization of these waste distorted bricks partially in place of conventional stone chips.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to pay their sincere gratitude to Brigadier General Md. Wahidul Islam, Former Head, Department of Civil Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology (MIST), Dhaka, for his generous support during the study. The authors also acknowledge the assistance of the staff of the Concrete Laboratory of the same Department in carrying out the research work. The authors are also grateful to Dr. M. Hasanuzzaman, Associate Professor, Department of Glass and Ceramic Engineering (GCE), Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Mr. Shahjalal Rana, Senior Lab Instructor, GCE, BUET and Ms. Sumaiya Afroz, Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET for SEM images and analysis of images.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    A. T. M. Masum, M. R. Rahman, M. A. Kafi, S. Ghimire & S. Akter

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    T. Manzur

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  1. A. T. M. Masum
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  3. M. A. Kafi
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Correspondence to T. Manzur.

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Conflict of interest

The authors of the manuscript titled “Potential of Waste Distorted Bricks to Produce Internally Cured Concrete under Adverse Curing Conditions” declare no conflict of interest of any of the authors with any organization in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript.

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Appendix A

Appendix A

List of abbreviations

IC

Internal curing/internally cured

BC

Brick chips

NC

Concrete sample with stone aggregate exposed to adverse curing condition

DBC

Distorted brick chips

DOE

Department of Environment

FCK

Fixed-chimney kiln

HHK

Hybrid Hoffman

VSBK

Vertical shaft brick kiln

RC

Reinforced concrete

BUET

Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

BC

Brick chips

SC

Stone chips

RH

Relative humidity

SEM

Scanning electron microscope

TCI

Time to corrosion initiation

FIB

International Federation for Structural Concrete

CA

Coarse aggregates

FA

Fine aggregates

OPC

Ordinary Portland cement

FM

Fineness modulus

OD

Oven dry

w/c

Water-to-cement ratio

IC(B)

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type B) exposed to adverse curing condition

IC(E)

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type E) exposed to adverse curing condition

NCS

Concrete sample with stone aggregate kept under water for 28 days

SSD

Saturated surface dry

ICB0W

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type B) exposed just after casting without any cover

ICE0W

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC By BC (Type E) exposed just after casting without any cover

NC0W

Concrete sample with stone aggregate exposed just after casting without any cover

ICB0P

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type B) exposed just after casting and covered with polythene

ICE0P

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type E) exposed just after casting and covered with polythene

NC0P

Concrete sample with stone aggregate exposed just after casting and covered with polythene

ICB3W

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type B) exposed after 3 days of curing under water and without any cover

ICE3W

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type E) exposed after 3 days of curing under water and without any cover

NC3W

Concrete sample with stone aggregate exposed after 3 days of curing under water and covered with polythene

ICB3P

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type B) exposed after 3 days of curing under water and covered with Polythene

ICE3P

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type E) exposed after 3 days of curing under water and covered with polythene

NC3P

Concrete sample with stone aggregate exposed after 3 days of curing under water and covered with polythene

ICB7W

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type B) exposed after 7 days of curing under water and without any cover

ICE7W

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type E) exposed after 7 days of curing under water and without any cover

NC7W

Concrete sample with stone aggregate exposed after 7 days of curing under water and covered with polythene

ICB7P

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type B) exposed after 7 days of curing under water and covered with polythene

ICE7P

Concrete sample with 20% replacement of SC by BC (Type E) exposed after 7 days of curing under water and covered with polythene

NC7P

Concrete sample with stone aggregate exposed after 7 days of curing under water and covered with polythene

FE-SEM

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

RMT

Non-steady-state migration test

D nssm

Chloride diffusion co-efficient

SR

Surface resistivity

K

Geometry factor

R

Resipod reading

r

Resistivity measured at temperature T

s

Spacing of probe

d

Diameter of cylindrical specimen

L

Length of cylindrical specimen

r Tref

Corrected resistivity

E a-cond

Activation energy

R

Universal gas constant

T ref

Reference temperature (23 °C)

EN

European standard

XD

Corrosion induced by chlorides other than from sea water

XS

Corrosion induced by chlorides from sea water

XD1

Concrete surfaces exposed to airborne chlorides

XD2

Parts of bridges exposed to spray containing chlorides, pavements, car park slabs

XS1

Structure near to or on the coast exposed to airborne salt

XS2

Part of marine structures with the tidal, the splash and spray zone

C crit

Critical chloride content

C 0

Initial chloride content of the concrete

CS,Δx

Chloride content at a depth Δx and a certain point of time t

Δx

Depth of the convection zone

D crm(to)

Apparent coefficient of chloride diffusion through concrete

k t

Transfer parameter

a

Ageing exponent

t 0

Reference point of time

b e

Regression variable

T ref

Reference temperature

T real

Temperature of structural element or ambient air

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Masum, A.T.M., Rahman, M.R., Kafi, M.A. et al. Potential of waste distorted bricks to produce internally cured concrete under adverse curing conditions. Innov. Infrastruct. Solut. 8, 210 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-023-01179-6

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