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Promising Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Derivatives; A Case Study for Preparations, Fabrication Mechanisms, and Applications in Perovskite Solar Cells

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Abstract

Graphene (G) has been a game-changer for conductive optical devices and has shown promising aspects for its implementation in the power industry due to its diverse structures. Graphene has played an essential role as electrodes, hole transport layers (HTLs), electron transport layers (ETLs), and a chemical modulator for perovskite layers in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) over the past decade. Nitrogen-doped graphene (N-DG) derivatives are frequently evaluated among the existing derivatives of graphene because of their versatility of design, easy synthesis process, and high throughput. This review presents a state-of-the-art overview of N-DG preparation methods, including wet chemical process, bombardment, and high thermal treatment methods. Furthermore, it focuses on different structures of N-DG derivatives and their various applications in PSC applications. Finally, the challenges and opportunities for N-DG derivatives for the continuous performance improvement of PSCs have been highlighted.

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Data availability

This work is a review article, readers will need to contact referenced authors to obtain additional information regarding the data presented.

Abbreviations

APTES:

3-Amino-propyl triethoxysilane

AuCl3 :

Gold chloride

BET:

Brunauer-Emmett-Teller

BP:

Black phosphorus

CCl4 :

Tetrachloromethane

CQDs:

Carbon quantum dots

CVD:

Chemical vapor deposition

CNTs:

Carbon nanotubes

CNx-MWCNTs:

Nitrogen-doped multiwalled carbon nanotubes

cPSCs:

Conventional polymer solar cells

DETA:

Diethylenetriamine

DFT:

Density-functional theory

DMF:

Dimethyl formamide

DMSO:

Dimethyl sulfoxide

d.i.:

Deionized water

EBE:

Electron beam evaporation

EDA:

Ethylenediamine

EDS:

Energy down-shift

EQE:

External quantum efficiency

ETLs:

Electron transport layers

FA:

Fumaric acid

FF :

Fill factor

G:

Graphene

GC:

Glassy carbon

GFs:

Graphene frameworks

GICs:

Graphite-intercalation compounds

GN-GQDs:

Graphite–nitrogen doped graphene quantum dots

GO:

Graphene oxide

GR:

Single-layer graphene

HCB:

Hexachlorobenzene

HCl:

Hydrogen chloride

HTLs:

Hole transport layers

HUMO:

Highest occupied molecular orbital

ILs:

Ionic liquids

IPCE:

Incident photon to current conversion efficiency

J-V:

Current density-voltage

JSC :

Short-circuit current density

LI:

Laser irradiation

LUMO:

Lowest unoccupied molecular orbital

Li3N:

Lithium nitride

MAI:

Methylammonium iodide

MAPbI3 :

Methylammonium lead iodide

MOFs:

Metal-organic framework

N:

Nitrogen

N3C3Cl3 :

Cyanuric chloride

N-DG:

Nitrogen-doped graphene

NG-AB:

Nitrogen-doped graphene containing azobenzene

N-GFs:

Nitrogen-doped graphene frameworks

N-GICs:

Nitrogen-doped GICs

N-GNRs:

N-doped graphene nanoribbons

N-GO:

Nitrogen-doped graphene oxide

N-GQDs:

Nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots

N-GQSs:

N-doped graphene quantum sheets

N-rGO:

Nitrogen-reduced graphene oxide

NRs:

Nanorods

ox-N-GNRs:

Oxidized-NGNRs

ORR:

Oxygen reduction reaction

BCP:

Bathocuproine

PCBM:

[6, 6] Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester C60 bis adduct

PCE:

Power conversion efficiency

PCP:

Pentachloropyridine

PDs:

Photodetectors

PEDOT:PSS:

Poly(3,4-ethylene-dioxythiophene):poly (styrene sulfonate)

PET:

Polyethylene terephthalate

PL:

Photoluminescence

PLQY:

Photoluminescence quantum yield

PRGOs:

Pyridinic-rich nitrogen-doped nanoplates

PSCs:

Perovskite solar cells

PV:

Photovoltaics

RGO:

Reduced graphene oxide

SEM:

Scanning electron microscope

Spiro-MeOTAD:

2,2′,7,7′-Tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene

TCE:

Conductive electrode

TETA:

Triethylenetetramine

TMDs:

2D materials

UV:

Ultraviolet

UV–Vis:

Ultraviolet–visible

V OC :

Open-circuit voltage

γ-CsPbI3 :

Orthorhombic-cesium lead iodide

2D:

Two-dimensional

3D:

Three-dimensional

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF), (25250), Egypt, JSPS KAKENHI grant no. 18H02079.

Funding

Open access funding is provided by Science, Technology & Innovation Funding Authority (STDF) in cooperation with the Egyptian Knowledge Bank (EKB).

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  1. A. G. Al-Gamal and Ahmed Mourtada Elseman equally contributed to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Photovoltaic Materials Group, Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials, National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0047, Japan

    A. G. Al-Gamal, T. H. Chowdhury & Ashraful Islam

  2. Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI), Nasr City, 11727, Cairo, Egypt

    A. G. Al-Gamal, K. I. Kabel, A. A. Farag & A. M. Rabie

  3. Electronic and Magnetic Materials Department, Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute (CMRDI), P.O. Box 87, Helwan, 11421, Cairo, Egypt

    Ahmed Mourtada Elseman

  4. Laboratory for Solar Energy and Fuels (LSEF), School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Kelowna, V1V 1V7, Canada

    T. H. Chowdhury

  5. Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Abbassia, 11566, Cairo, Egypt

    N. E. A. Abd El-Sattar

  6. Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8573, Japan

    Ashraful Islam

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  1. A. G. Al-Gamal
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  4. K. I. Kabel
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Al-Gamal, A.G., Elseman, A.M., Chowdhury, T.H. et al. Promising Nitrogen-Doped Graphene Derivatives; A Case Study for Preparations, Fabrication Mechanisms, and Applications in Perovskite Solar Cells. Top Curr Chem (Z) 381, 6 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s41061-022-00416-3

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