Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Beams with Carbon Fiber Laminate Mounted in a U-Shape for Static and Vibration Purposes

  • Research paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In the present work, a quasi-static loading experimental campaign is aimed at assessing improvements in loading capacity and dynamic properties for strengthening concrete through the use of carbon fiber-reinforced polymers (CFRP), particularly when the strengthening is confectioned in a U-shape by introducing its lateral parts in grooves made in the covering of the concrete. Based on the experimental investigation, the flexural stiffness, deformation regime and parameters related to vibration analysis were assessed after applying the strengthening. Therefore, it was possible to obtain the moment–curvature relationship, the deflection of the central line of the beam using the Runge–Kutta method, and the stiffness and frequencies of the strengthened parts. A 12% increase in the loading capacity compared to traditional bonding was noted, as well as an increase of 127% for pieces without strengthening. The stiffness was elevated by 84% in relation to pieces without strengthening and 4% when compared to those with traditional strengthening while the frequencies increased by 36 and 2%, respectively, but without incorporating mass into the system. Although the attachment process was not capable of avoiding the debonding process, it is possible to conclude that U-Shaped CFRP strengthening is a feasible solution for stiffening civil structures, in applications of a static or dynamic nature.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Gallo CC, Menon NV, Padaratz IJ (2012) Theoretical models for reinforced concrete beams strengthened with shear with CFRP. In: SIMPGEU–Proceedings of the III postgraduate seminar in urban engineering. http://www.eventos.uem.br/index.php/simpgeu/simpgeu/paper/view/873/509

  2. Meier U (1987) Proposal for a carbon fibre reinforced composite bridge across the strait of Gibraltar at its narrowest site. Proc Inst Mech Eng B J Eng Manuf 201(2):73–78. https://doi.org/10.1243/PIME_PROC_1987_201_048_02

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Triantafillou TC (1998) Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using epoxy-bonded FRP composites. ACI Struct J 95(2):107–115

    Google Scholar 

  4. Oehlers DJ (1992) Reinforced concrete beams with plates glued to their soffits. J Struct Eng 118(8):2023–2038. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1992)118:8(2023)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Meier U (2000) Composite materials in bridge repair. Appl Compos Mater 7:75–94. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1008919824535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Khalifa A, Gold WJ, Nanni A, Aziz A (1998) Contribution of externally bonded FRP to shear capacity of RC flexural members. J Compos Constr 2(4):195–202. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1090-0268(1998)2:4(195)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Oliveira DS, Carrazedo R (2019) Numerical modeling of circular, square and rectangular concrete columns wrapped with FRP under concentric and eccentric load. Rev IBRACON Estrut Mater 12(3):518–550. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1983-41952019000300006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Shahawy M, Beitelman TE (1999) Static and fatigue performance of RC beams strengthened with CFRP laminates. J Struct Eng 125(6):613–621. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9445(1999)125:6(613)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Yuana X, Zhengb W, Zhua C, Tanga B (2020) Fatigue performance and life prediction of CFRP plate in the RC bridge roof reinforcement. Lat Am J Solids Struct 17(2):1679–7825. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78255789

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Kadhim MMA, Wu Z, Cunningham LS (2019) Experimental and numerical investigation of CFRP-strengthened steel beams under impact load. J Struct Eng 145(4):04019004-1-04019004–12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)ST.1943-541X.0002288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Lee Y, Lee E-T (2015) Analysis of prestressed concrete cylinder pipes with fiber-reinforced Polymer. KSCE J Civ Eng 19(3):682–688. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-013-0006-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Amran YHM, Alyousef R, Alabduljabbar H, Alaskar A, Alrshoudi F (2020) Properties and water penetration of structural concrete wrapped with CFRP. Results Eng 5:100094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2019.100094

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Zeng J-J, Guo Y-C, Gao W-Y, Chen W-P, Lia L-J (2018) Stress-strain behavior of concrete in circular concrete columns partially wrapped with FRP strips. Compos Struct 200(15):810–828. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2018.05.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Ferrari VJ, Padaratz IJ, Loriggio DD (2002) Flexural strengthening in reinforced concrete beams with a blanket of carbon fiber: mechanisms for increasing anchoring. Acta Scientiarum 24(6):1783–1791. https://doi.org/10.4025/actascitechnol.v24i0.2556

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Garcez MR, Silva Filho GLCP, Meier U (2012) Post-strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with prestressed CFRP strips. Part 1: analysis under static loading. Rev IBRACON Estrut Mater 5(3):343–361. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1983-41952012000300006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Matthys S (2000) Structural behavior and design of concrete members strengthened with externally bonded FRP Reinforcement. Thesis (Doctorate), Ghent University, Belgium, Ghent. https://libstore.ugent.be/fulltxt/RUG01/000/518/841/RUG01-000518841_2010_0001_AC.pdf

  17. Triantafillou T, Matthys S (2013) Fibre-reinforced polymer reinforcement enters fib Model Code 2010. Struct Concrete 14(4):335–341. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201300016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Dias SJE, Barros JAO (2012) NSM shear strengthening technique with CFRP laminates applied in high-strength concrete beams with or without pre-cracking. Compos B Eng 43(2):290–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.09.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Costa I, Barros J (2013) Critical analysis of fibre-reinforced polymer near-surface mounted double-shear pull-out tests. Strain 49:299–312. https://doi.org/10.1111/str.12038

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Rezazadeh M, Cholostiakow S, Kotynia R, Barros J (2016) Exploring new NSM reinforcements for the flexural strengthening of RC beams: experimental and numerical research. Compos Struct 141(1):132–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2016.01.033

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Eljufout T, Toutanji H (2020) Fatigue behavior of prefatigued reinforced concrete beams rehabilitated with near-surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer reinforcement. Struct Concrete 21:533–547. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900131

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Xing G, Chang Z, Ozbulut OE (2020) Feasibility of using aluminum alloy bars as near-surface mounted reinforcement for flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams. Struct Concrete. https://doi.org/10.1002/suco.201900361

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Fortes AS (2004) Concrete structures subjected to bending reinforced with CFRP laminates glued to notches. Thesis (Doctorate), Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis. https://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/86719

  24. Mashrei MA, Makki JS, Sultana AA (2019) Flexural strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets with grooves. Lat Am J Solids Struct 16(4):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1590/1679-78255514

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Abid SR, Al-lami K (2018) Critical review of strength and durability of concrete beams externally bonded with FRP. Civil Env Eng. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311916.2018.1525015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards – ABNT NBR 6118:2014 © ABNT 2014, ABNT (2014), NBR 6118:2014 - Design of structural concrete —  Procedure. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, p 238. ISBN 978-85-07-04941-8. https://www.abnt.org.br

  27. Guerdau (2021) Technical information. https://www2.gerdau.com.br/produtos/vergalhao-gerdau

  28. Brazilian Association of Technical Standards – ABNT NBR 5738:2015 © ABNT 2015, ABNT (2015), NBR 5738:2015 - Concrete — Procedure for molding and curing concrete test specimens. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, p 09. ISBN 978-85-07-05405-4. https://www.abnt.org.br

  29. Silaex Chemical Company (2021). https://silaex.ind.br/. Accessed 10 May 2021

  30. Zoltek (2021) Technical information. Available in: https://zoltek.com/products/px35/uni-directional-fabric/. Accessed 10 May 2021

  31. American Concrete Institute – ACI 209.2R-08 (2008) © ACI 2008, ACI 2008 - Guide for Modeling and Calculating Shrinkage and Creep in Hardened Concrete, ACI Committee 209. Farmington Hills, U.S.A, p 48. ISBN 978-0-87031-278-6. https://www.concrete.org

  32. Wahab N, Soudki KA, Topper T (2011) Mechanism of bond behavior of concrete beams strengthened with near-surface-mounted CFRP rods. J Compos Constr 15(1):85–92. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000146

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Javed MA, Irfan M, Khalid S, Chen Y, Ahmed S (2016) An experimental study on the shear strengthening of reinforced concrete deep beams with carbon fiber reinforced polymers. KSCE J Civ Eng 20(7):2802–2810. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-016-0739-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Haddad RH, Almomani OA (2019) Flexural performance and failure modes of NSM CFRP-strengthened concrete beams: a Parametric Study. Int J Civ Eng 17:935–948. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-018-0342-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Haddad RH, Marji CS (2019) Composite strips with U-shaped CFRP wrap anchor systems for strengthening reinforced concrete beams. Int J Civ Eng 17:1799–1811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-019-00447-w

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. American Concrete Institute – ACI 440.2R-08 (2003) © ACI 2003, ACI 2003 - Guide for the design and construction of externally bonded FRP systems for strengthening concrete structures, ACI Committee 440. Farmington Hills, U.S.A, p 80. ISBN 978-0-87031-285-4. https://www.concrete.org

  37. Ary MI, Kang TH-K (2012) Shear-strengthening of reinforced and prestressed concrete beams using FRP: Part I—review of previous research. Int J Concr Struct Mater 6(1):41–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40069-012-0004-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Alhamdan Y, Tamer D (2020) Experimental investigation of the flexural strengthening of fixed supported RC beams. Int J Civ Eng 18:1229–1246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-020-00531-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Kotynia R, Lasek K, Staskiewicz M (2014) Flexural behavior of preloaded RC slabs strengthened with prestressed CFRP laminates. J Compos Constr 18(3):A4013004-1-A4013004-11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000421

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Murad Y, Bodour W-A, Ashteyat A (2020) Seismic retrofitting of severely damaged RC connections made with recycled concrete using CFRP sheets. Front Struct Civ Eng 14(2):554–556. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11709-020-0613-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Khalifa A, Nanni A (2002) Rehabilitation of rectangular simply supported RC beams with shear deficiencies using CFRP composites. Constr Build Mater 16(3):135–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0950-0618(02)00002-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  42. Ma SBNM, Choong KK, Zhao R (2019) Models reviewed for predicting CFRP shear contribution of strengthened reinforced concrete box beam. KSCE J Civ Eng 23(8):3644–3659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12205-019-1850-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Aziz OQ, Taha BO (2013) Flexure behavior of high strength concrete (HSC) beams reinforced with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) rebars with and without chopped carbon fiber (CCF). Int J Sci Res 1(6):123–139. https://doi.org/10.12983/ijsrk-2013-p123-139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Rayleigh (1877) Theory of Sound (two volumes). Dover Publications, New York (re-issued)

    Google Scholar 

  45. Wahrhaftig AM, Brasil RMLRDF, Balthazar JM (2013) The first frequency of cantilevered bars with geometric effect: a mathematical and experimental evaluation. J Braz Soc Mech Sci Eng 35:457–467. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-013-0043-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  46. Wahrhaftig AM (2020) Time-dependent analysis of slender, tapered reinforced concrete columns. Steel Compos Struct 36(2):229–247. https://doi.org/10.12989/scs.2020.36.2.229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Wahrhaftig ADM, Brasil RMLRDF, Groba TB, Rocha LML, Balthazar JM, Nascimento LSMSC (2020) Resonance of a rotary machine support beam considering geometric stiffness. J Theor App Mech 58(4):1023–1035. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl/126681

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The author thanks the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Bahia for providing support for this research.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Polytechnic School, Department of Construction and Structures, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Rua Aristides Novis, 02, Federação, Salvador-Ba-Brasil, CEP: 40210-910, Brazil

    Alexandre de Macêdo Wahrhaftig, Rafael Barreto Rodrigues & Ricardo Fernandes Carvalho

  2. Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Bahia (IFBA), Rua Emídio dos Santos, S/N, Barbalho, Salvador-Ba-Brasil, CEP: 40301-015, Brazil

    Adriano Silva Fortes

Authors
  1. Alexandre de Macêdo Wahrhaftig
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Rafael Barreto Rodrigues
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ricardo Fernandes Carvalho
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Adriano Silva Fortes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Alexandre de Macêdo Wahrhaftig.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

On behalf of all the authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.

Ethical approval

All data, models, and code generated or used during the study appear in the submitted article.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Wahrhaftig, A.d.M., Rodrigues, R.B., Carvalho, R.F. et al. Strengthening Reinforced Concrete Beams with Carbon Fiber Laminate Mounted in a U-Shape for Static and Vibration Purposes. Int J Civ Eng 20, 27–40 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00654-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00654-4

Keywords

Search

Navigation