Abstract
Determination of compaction characteristics of soils constitutes an essential part of any mechanical ground improvement project. The compaction characteristics vary with the compaction energy used in the process of densification. Standard Proctor compaction test is conducted in the laboratory to determine the compaction characteristics of soils used under normal applications. However, there are many practical situations where soils in the field need to be compacted under compaction energies other than that used in the standard Proctor test. This paper addresses the issue of relating the compaction characteristics of soils with the compaction energy input. The generalized regression equations developed facilitate the user to conduct only standard Proctor compaction test in the laboratory the results of which can be used to predict the compaction characteristics at any required compaction energy level quite satisfactorily.
Availability of Data and Material
Not applicable.
Code Availability
Not applicable.
References
IS: 2720-Part 7 (1980) Indian standard methods of test for soils: determination of water content—dry density relation using light compaction. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
IS: 2720-Part 8 (1983) Indian standard methods of tests for soils: Determination of water content—dry density relation using heavy compaction. Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
Gurtug Y, Sridharan A (2004) Compaction behaviour and prediction of its characteristics of fine grained soils with particular reference to compaction energy. Soils Found 44(5):27–36
Jesmani MA, Manesh N, Hoseini SMR (2008) Optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight of clayey gravels at different compactive efforts. Electron J Geotech Eng 13(Bundle L.):1–14
Sridharan A, Nagaraj HB (2005) Plastic limit and compaction characteristics of fine—grained soils. Ground Improv 9(1):17–22
Sivrikaya O, Togrol E, Kayadelen C (2008) Estimating compaction behavior of fine grained soils based on compaction energy. Can Geotech J 45(6):877–887. https://doi.org/10.1139/T08-022
Prasanna HS (2010) Consolidation behaviour of compacted swelling and non-swelling fine—grained soils. Ph.D. thesis submitted to Kuvempu University, Shivamogga, India.
Prakash K, Prasanna HS, Sridharan A (2014) A study of compaction characteristics of fine-grained soils. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kakinada, India, pp 6–13
Shaivan HS, Sridharan A (2021) Correlation of compaction characteristics of standard and reduced Proctor tests. Proc Inst Civ Eng Geotech Eng 174(2):170–180
Foreman ED, Daniel DE (1986) Permeation of compacted clays with organic chemicals. J Geotech Eng Dn ASCE 112(7):669–681
Al-Khafaji AN (1987) A simple approach to the estimation of soil compaction parameters. Q J Eng Geol Lond 20:15–30
Daniel D, Benson C (1990) Water content—density criteria for compacted soil liners. J Geotechn Eng ASCE 116(12):1181–1190
Daniel D, Wu Y (1993) Compacted clay liners and covers for arid sites. J Geotech Eng ASCE 119(2):223–237
Benson CH, Trast JM (1995) Hydraulic conductivity of thirteen compacted clays. Clays Clay Miner 43(6):669–681
Howell JL, Shackelford CD, Amer NH, Stern RT (1997) Compaction of sand—processed clay soil mixtures. Geotech Test Journal GTJODJ 20(4):443–458
Blotz RL, Craig HB, Boutwell P (1998) Estimating optimum water content and maximum dry unit weight for compacted clays. J Geotech Geo Environ Eng ASCE 124(9):907–912
Nagaraj HB (2000) Prediction of engineering properties of fine-grained soils from their index properties. Ph.D. thesis submitted to Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
Pradeep V, Jayarama R (2000) Study of undrained shear strength behaviour of compacted clayey soils. B.E. thesis submitted to Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru
Singh YH, Shivakumar C (2001) Study of compaction and unconfined compressive strength characteristics of fine—grained soils with reference to clay mineralogy. B.E. thesis submitted to Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru
Vagesh Kumar K, Sumitha V, Nitin R, Afthar Khan TK (2003) Study of effect of non – cohesive soil fraction on consistency limits and compaction characteristics of fine—grained soils. B.E. thesis submitted to Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru
Singh S, Prasad A (2007) Effects of chemicals on compacted clay liner. Electron J Geotech Eng 12(Bund D):1–15
Bello AA, Adegoke CW (2010) Evaluation of geotechnical properties of Ilesha east southwest Nigeria’s lateritic soil. Pac J Sci Technol 11(2):617–624
Ramadas TL, Aparna G (2010) Swelling and strength characteristics of expansive soil treated with stone dust and fly ash. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, GEOtrends, Bombay, pp 557–560
Ali MS, Koranne SS (2011) Performance analysis of expansive soil treated with stone dust and fly ash. Electron J Geotech Eng 16(Bund. I.):973–982
Prasad ACSV, Reddy CNVS (2011) The potential of cement stabilized gravelly soils as construction material. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi, No. H-305, pp 493–496
Reddy CNVS, Reddy KC, Kumar TK (2011)Reinforced soil mattress approach for flexible pavements over clay subgrade. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Kochi, No. J-332, pp 601–603
Bose B (2012) Geo-engineering properties of expansive soil stabilized with fly ash. Electron J Geotech Eng 17(Bund J):1339–1353
Ramadas TL, Kumar ND, Yesuratnam G (2012) A study on strength and swelling characteristics of three expansive soils treated with CaCl2. Acad Res J 101(101):77–86
Gopala Krishna YSS, Padmavathi M, Kumar KS (2013) Stabilization of black cotton soil treated with fly ash and zycosoil. Int J Civ Eng Build Mater 3(3):133–144
Lekha BM, S. Goutham, Ravi Shankar AU (2013) Laboratory investigation of soil stabilized with nano chemical. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Roorkee
Sambaiah T, Ajay Yadav T, Savitri Devi T (2013) Effect of reinforcement on the performance of flexible pavement over clayey subgrades. In: Proceedings of Indian Geotechnical Conference, Roorkee
Satyanarayana PVV, Raghu P, Ashok Kumar R, Pradeep N (2013) Performance of crusher dust in high plastic gravel soils as road construction material. IOSR J Mech Civ Eng (IOSR-JMCE) 10(3):01–05
Bharadwaj HBN, Sachin S, Vinay MA, Pavankumar KT (2014) A study of swell characteristics of expansive soils and the effect of coarse fraction on swell characteristics. B.E. thesis submitted to Sri Jayachamarajendra College of Engineering, Mysuru
Lekha BM, Ravi Shankar AU (2014) Laboratory performance of RBI 81 stabilized soil for pavements. Int J Civ Eng Res 5(2):105–110
Venkateswarlu H, Prasad ACSV, Prasad DSV, Prasada Raju GVR (2015) Study on behavior of expansive soil treated with quarry dust. Int J Eng Innov Technol 4(10):193–196
Funding
No funding was received for conducting this study.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors have contributed to the work presented in this Technical Note. Problem formulation: [K. Prakash], [A. Sridharan]; literature review and data collection: [K. Prakash], [G. V. Jayachandra]; data analysis: [K. Prakash], [A. Sridharan], [G. V. Jayachandra]; preparation of the first draft of the Manuscript: {K. Prakash], [G. V. Jayachandra]; review and editing: [A. Sridharan]; subsequent revisions based on the comments of the reviewers: [K. Prakash]. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Prakash, K., Sridharan, A. & Jayachandra, G.V. Compaction Characteristics of Soils: A User Friendly Approach. Int. J. of Geosynth. and Ground Eng. 10, 26 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-024-00535-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40891-024-00535-5