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Animal Models of Osteoarthritis: Updated Models and Outcome Measures 2016–2023

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Abstract

Purpose

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a global musculoskeletal disorder that affects primarily the knee and hip joints without any FDA-approved disease-modifying therapies. Animal models are essential research tools in developing therapies for OA; many animal studies have provided data for the initiation of human clinical trials. Despite this, there is still a need for strategies to recapitulate the human experience using animal models to better develop treatments and understand pathogenesis. Since our last review on animal models of osteoarthritis in 2016, there have been exciting updates in OA research and models. The main purpose of this review is to update the latest animal models and key features of studies in OA research.

Method

We used our existing classification method and screened articles in PubMed and bibliographic search for animal OA models between 2016 and 2023. Relevant and high-cited articles were chosen for inclusion in this narrative review.

Results

Recent studies were analyzed and classified. We also identified ex vivo models as an area of ongoing research. Each animal model offers its own benefit in the study of OA and there are a full range of outcome measures that can be assessed. Despite the vast number of models, each has its drawbacks that have limited translating approved therapies for human use.

Conclusion

Depending on the outcome measures and objective of the study, researchers should pick the best model for their work. There have been several exciting studies since 2016 that have taken advantage of regenerative engineering techniques to develop therapies and better understand OA.

Lay Summary

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic debilitating disease without any cure that affects mostly the knee and hip joints and often results in surgical joint replacement. Cartilage protects the joint from mechanical forces and degrades with age or in response to injury. The many contributing causes of OA are still being investigated, and animals are used for preclinical research and to test potential new treatments. A single consensus OA animal model for preclinical studies is non-existent. In this article, we review the many animal models for OA and provide a much-needed update on studies and model development since 2016.

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Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Adapted from Esdaille et al. [25]

Fig. 3

Adapted from Ringe et al. [50]

Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Adapted from Philpott et al. [66]. Figure 5.4 at bottom right shows time to paw withdrawal when infrared heat is applied to paw (painful). MIA-treated rats have short heat latency (remove paw quickly from heat) compared to saline-treated rats (leave paw on heat source longer) [70]

Fig. 6

Adapted from Liu et al. [104] C Top right shows the surgical exposure technique of the ACL transection and osteochondral defect model similar to those noted in the other two studies in this Fig. [102]

Fig. 7

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Acknowledgements

We would like to thank our funding source NIH/NIAMS T32AR079114 (To CTL) and Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences.

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  1. The Cato T. Laurencin Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3711, USA

    James H. Chapman, Debolina Ghosh, Seyyedmorteza Attari, Chinedu C. Ude & Cato T. Laurencin

  2. Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA

    James H. Chapman, Debolina Ghosh, Seyyedmorteza Attari, Chinedu C. Ude & Cato T. Laurencin

  3. Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Health, Farmington, CT, 06030, USA

    James H. Chapman, Debolina Ghosh, Seyyedmorteza Attari, Chinedu C. Ude & Cato T. Laurencin

  4. Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA

    Seyyedmorteza Attari & Cato T. Laurencin

  5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA

    Cato T. Laurencin

  6. Department of Chemical and Bimolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA

    Cato T. Laurencin

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Chapman, J.H., Ghosh, D., Attari, S. et al. Animal Models of Osteoarthritis: Updated Models and Outcome Measures 2016–2023. Regen. Eng. Transl. Med. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40883-023-00309-x

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