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Atmospheric Emissions from Electricity Generation in Southeast Asia: Development Trend and Policy Responses

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Rapid economic development accompanied by urbanization, motorization, and industrialization, together with population growth, puts great pressure on the power sector in Southeast Asia (SEA) to meet energy demand. This paper reviews the past 20-year power generation in SEA countries to analyze potential impacts on atmospheric pollution using DPSIR framework.

Recent Findings

In 2020, total region electricity generation reached 1050 TWh, 3.1 times above that of 2000, and is projected to further increase by 2.5 times in 2050. During the period, the annual per capita generation increased 2.4 times. Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Vietnam were the main electricity producers, sharing 83% in 2020. Coal and natural gas based thermal power plants (TPPs) were dominant with 72% of the total electricity produced, whereas low-carbon renewable energy, although increased during the period, shared only 25% in 2020. In 2018, the sectoral atmospheric emissions of different species increased by 2.4–11.5 times above 2000, contributing 55.3%, 26.8%, and 26.7% to the region’s total anthropogenic emissions of SO2, CO2, and NOx, respectively.

Summary

Heavy reliance on fossil fuels makes the power sector a key emission source of air pollutants and greenhouse gases. SEA governments have promulgated policies and regulations for TPPs and set net zero emissions targets. These policies, directly and/or indirectly address atmospheric pollution, once fully implemented, bring in more secure and sustainable power sources in the region, along with multiple benefits to air quality, human health, environment, ecosystem, and the climate.

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Abbreviations

ACE:

ASEAN Centre for Energy

AECC:

Average electricity consumption per capita

ASEAN:

Association of Southeast Asian Nations

BACT:

Best Available Control Technology

BC:

Black carbon

CAC:

Command and control

CCT:

Clean coal technologies

CEMS:

Continuous Emission Monitoring System

CFPP:

Coal-fired thermal power plant

DPSIR:

Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response

EDGAR:

Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research

EIA:

Environmental Impact Assessment

EPE:

Emissions per electricity generation

ES:

Emission standard

EV:

Electric vehicle

GDP:

Gross domestic product

GHG:

Greenhouse gases

IEA:

International Energy Agency

LCS:

Low carbon sources

MBI:

Market based instrument

NDC:

Nationally Determined Contribution

NG:

Natural gas

OC:

Organic carbon

PM:

Particulate matter

PM2.5 :

Particles with aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 µm

RE:

Renewable energy

REC:

Renewable Energy Certificate

SEA:

Southeast Asia

SLCF:

Short-lived climate forcers

SOPs:

Standard operating procedures

TPP:

Thermal power plant

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Engineering and Management, Asian Institute of Technology, Pathumthani, Thailand

    Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh & Lai Nguyen Huy

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  1. Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh
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Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh prepared the study's conceptualization, methodology, wrote, reviewed and edited the manuscript, validated and analyzed the data. Lai Nguyen Huy prepared the first draft, reviewed and edited the manuscript, validated and analyzed the data, and prepared figures and tables.

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Correspondence to Nguyen Thi Kim Oanh.

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Oanh, N.T.K., Huy, L.N. Atmospheric Emissions from Electricity Generation in Southeast Asia: Development Trend and Policy Responses. Curr Pollution Rep 10, 54–69 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40726-023-00289-0

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