Abstract
Significant amounts of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) that contribute to global warming are produced by the livestock industry, which has indirect effects on global climate change and immediate effects on the ecosystem. The United States is a frontrunner in both meat consumption and greenhouse gas emissions. Consequently, the objective of this research was to empirically examine the effect of meat consumption on GHG emissions in the USA with controlling variables such as economic growth and energy consumption. Using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) bounds testing method and the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) technique, time-series data from 1990 to 2019 were analyzed. The ARDL bound test demonstrated that all variables are long-term cointegrated. The DOLS model revealed that a 1% increase in meat consumption increases greenhouse gas emissions by 0.83%. In the long term, a 1% increase in economic development would reduce GHG emissions by 0.08%, whereas a 1% increase in energy demand would increase GHG emissions by 1.89%. Using the fully modified least squares (FMOLS) method, the robustness of the DOLS results was evaluated. The empirical findings indicate that, with proper policy formulation and implementation, the USA livestock sector can become more environmentally favorable.
Highlights
-
Emissions of greenhouse gases were linked to meat intake.
-
Using time series data, the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares method was implemented.
-
The results showed that meat consumption contributes to high levels of greenhouse gas emissions.
-
Environmentally friendly recommendations for the livestock industry are offered.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are available here: https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
References
Aguiar DR, da Costa GN, Simões GTC, Figueiredo AM (2021) Diet-related greenhouse gas emissions in Brazilian State capital cities. Environ Sci Policy 124:542–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2021.07.028
Ahmad M, Khan I, Khan MQS, Jabeen G, Jabeen HS, Işık C (2023) Households' perception-based factors influencing biogas adoption: Innovation diffusion framework. Energy 263:126155 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.126155
Ali AZ, Rahman MS, Raihan A (2022) Soil carbon sequestration in agroforestry systems as a mitigation strategy of climate change: a case study from Dinajpur, Bangladesh. Adv Environ Eng Res 3(4):1–15 https://doi.org/10.21926/aeer.2204056
Ali S, Yan Q, Razzaq A, Khan I, Irfan M (2023) Modeling factors of biogas technology adoption: a roadmap towards environmental sustainability and green revolution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(5):11838–11860. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22894-0
Alola AA, Ozturk I (2021) Mirroring risk to investment within the EKC hypothesis in the United States. J Environ Manag 293:112890 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112890
Asem-Hiablie S, Battagliese T, Stackhouse-Lawson KR, Alan Rotz C (2019) A life cycle assessment of the environmental impacts of a beef system in the USA. Int J Life Cycle Assess 24:441–455. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-018-1464-6
Awan A, Sadiq M, Hassan ST, Khan I, Khan NH (2022) Combined nonlinear effects of urbanization and economic growth on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. An application of QARDL and KRLS. Urban Clim 46:101342 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101342
Azam W, Khan I, Ali SA (2023) Alternative energy and natural resources in determining environmental sustainability: a look at the role of government final consumption expenditures in France. Environ Sci Pollut Res 30(1):1949–1965. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22334-z
Barthelmie RJ (2022) Impact of Dietary Meat and Animal Products on GHG Footprints: The UK and the US. Climate 10(3):43. https://doi.org/10.3390/cli10030043
Bassi C, Maysels R, Anex R (2022) Declining greenhouse gas emissions in the US diet (2003–2018): Drivers and demographic trends. J Clean Prod 351:131465 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2022.131465
Begum RA, Raihan A, Said MNM (2020) Dynamic Impacts of Economic Growth and Forested Area on Carbon Dioxide Emissions in Malaysia. Sustainability 12(22):9375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12229375
Bonnet C, Bouamra-Mechemache Z, Réquillart V, Treich N (2020) Regulating meat consumption to improve health, the environment and animal welfare. Food Policy 97:101847 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2020.101847
Brown RL, Durbin J, Evans JM (1975) Techniques for testing the constancy of regression relationships over time. J Roy Stat Soc: Ser B (methodol) 37(2):149–163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1975.tb01532.x
Capper JL (2011) The environmental impact of beef production in the United States: 1977 compared with 2007. J Anim Sci 89(12):4249–4261. https://doi.org/10.2527/jas.2010-3784
Carlsson-Kanyama A, González AD (2009) Potential contributions of food consumption patterns to climate change. Am J Clin Nutr 89(5):1704S-1709S
Caro D, Davis SJ, Bastianoni S, Caldeira K (2014) Global and regional trends in greenhouse gas emissions from livestock. Clim Change 126:203–216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1197-x
Caro D, Davis SJ, Bastianoni S, Caldeira K (2017) Greenhouse gas emissions due to meat production in the last fifty years. In: Ahmed M, Stockle CO (eds) Quantification of climate variability, adaptation and mitigation for agricultural sustainability. Springer International, Cham, pp 27–37 https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32059-5_2
Cobb CW, Douglas PH (1928) A theory of production. Am Econ Rev 18:139–165
Cusack DF, Kazanski CE, Hedgpeth A, Chow K, Cordeiro AL, Karpman J, Ryals R (2021) Reducing climate impacts of beef production: A synthesis of life cycle assessments across management systems and global regions. Glob Change Biol 27(9):1721–1736. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15509
de Vries M, de Boer IJM (2010) Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: a review of life cycle assessments. Livest Sci 128:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2009.11.007
Dickey DA, Fuller WA (1979) Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. J Am Stat Assoc 74:427–431. https://doi.org/10.1080/01621459.1979.10482531
Dumortier J, Hayes DJ, Carriquiry M, Dong F, Du X, Elobeid A, Fabiosa JF, Martin PA, Mulik, K (2012) The effects of potential changes in United States beef production on global grazing systems and greenhouse gas emissions. Environ Res Lett 7(2):024023 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/7/2/024023
Dyer JA, Worth DE, Vergé XPC, Desjardins RL (2020) Impact of recommended red meat consumption in Canada on the carbon footprint of Canadian livestock production. J Clean Prod 266:121785 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.121785
Elliott G, Rothenberg TJ, Stock JH (1992) Efficient tests for an autoregressive unit root (No. t0130). National Bureau of Economic Research, 1050 Massachusetts Avenue Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
Ernstoff A, Tu Q, Faist M, Del Duce A, Mandlebaum S, Dettling J (2019) Comparing the environmental impacts of meatless and meat-containing meals in the United States. Sustainability 11(22):6235. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11226235
Eshel G, Shepon A, Makov T, Milo R (2014) Land, irrigation water, greenhouse gas, and reactive nitrogen burdens of meat, eggs, and dairy production in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci 111(33):11996–12001
Eshel G, Stainier P, Shepon A, Swaminathan A (2019) Environmentally optimal, nutritionally sound, protein and energy conserving plant based alternatives to US meat. Sci Rep 9(1):1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-46590-1
Farchi S, De Sario M, Lapucci E, Davoli M, Michelozzi P (2017) Meat consumption reduction in Italian regions: health co-benefits and decreases in GHG emissions. PloS One 12(8):e0182960 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0182960
Fiala N (2008) Meeting the demand: an estimation of potential future greenhouse gas emissions from meat production. Ecol Econ 67(3):412–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2007.12.021
Godfray HCJ, Aveyard P, Garnett T, Hall JW, Key TJ, Lorimer J, Pierrehumbert RT, Scarborough P, Springmann M, Jebb SA (2018). Meat consumption, health, and the environment. Science 361(6399):eaam5324 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aam5324
González N, Marquès M, Nadal M, Domingo JL (2020) Meat consumption: Which are the current global risks? A review of recent (2010–2020) evidences. Food Res Int 137:109341 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109341
Hansen B, Phillips PCB (1990) Estimation and inference in models of cointegration: A simulation study. Adv Econ 8:225–248
Hassan ST, Wang P, Khan I, Zhu B (2023) The impact of economic complexity, technology advancements, and nuclear energy consumption on the ecological footprint of the USA: Towards circular economy initiatives. Gondwana Res 113:237–246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2022.11.001
Hitaj C, Rehkamp S, Canning P, Peters CJ (2019) Greenhouse gas emissions in the United States food system: current and healthy diet scenarios. Environ Sci Technol 53(9):5493–5503. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06828
Hosseinidoust SE, Khezri M, Shiri A (2020) Investigation of non-linear impacts of factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions. Environ Energy Econ Res 4(4):250–261 https://doi.org/10.22097/eeer.2020.220667.1142
Isfat M, Raihan A (2022) Current Practices, Challenges, and Future Directions of Climate Change Adaptation in Bangladesh. Int J Res Publ Rev 3(5):3429–3437
Jaafar WSWM, Maulud KNA, Kamarulzaman AMM, Raihan A, Sah SM, Ahmad A, Saad SNM, Azmi ATM, Syukri NKAJ, Khan WR (2020) The Influence of Forest Degradation on Land Surface Temperature – A Case Study of Perak and Kedah, Malaysia. Forests 11(6):670. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060670
Jiang G, Ameer K, Kim H, Lee EJ, Ramachandraiah K, Hong GP (2020) Strategies for sustainable substitution of livestock meat. Foods 9(9):1227. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9091227
Jie H, Khan I, Alharthi M, Zafar MW, Saeed A (2023) Sustainable energy policy, socio-economic development, and ecological footprint: The economic significance of natural resources, population growth, and industrial development. Util Policy 81:101490 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2023.101490
Khan I, Zakari A, Dagar V, Singh S (2022) World energy trilemma and transformative energy developments as determinants of economic growth amid environmental sustainability. Energy Econ 108:105884 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105884
Kim B, Neff R (2009) Measurement and communication of greenhouse gas emissions from US food consumption via carbon calculators. Ecol Econ 69(1):186–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2009.08.017
Laestadius LI, Neff RA, Barry CL, Frattaroli S (2013) Meat consumption and climate change: the role of non-governmental organizations. Clim Change 120:25–38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-013-0807-3
Liu H, Alharthi M, Atil A, Zafar MW, Khan I (2022a) A non-linear analysis of the impacts of natural resources and education on environmental quality: Green energy and its role in the future. Resour Policy 79:102940 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resourpol.2022.102940
Liu H, Khan I, Zakari A, Alharthi M (2022b) Roles of trilemma in the world energy sector and transition towards sustainable energy: A study of economic growth and the environment. Energy Policy 170:113238 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.113238
Liu Z, Liu Y (2018) Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from animal production. Greenhouse Gases Sci Technol 8(4):627–638. https://doi.org/10.1002/ghg.1785
Lupo CD, Clay DE, Benning JL, Stone JJ (2013) Life-cycle assessment of the beef cattle production system for the northern great plains, USA. J Environ Qual 42(5):1386–1394. https://doi.org/10.2134/jeq2013.03.0101
Lynch J, Pierrehumbert R (2019) Climate impacts of cultured meat and beef cattle. Front Sustain Food Syst 3:5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2019.00005
Neff RA, Edwards D, Palmer A, Ramsing R, Righter A, Wolfson J (2018) Reducing meat consumption in the USA: a nationally representative survey of attitudes and behaviours. Public Health Nutr 21(10):1835–1844. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980017004190
North American Meat Institute (2022) 2019 Economic Impact of the Meat and Poultry Industry in the United States. North American Meat Institute, Washington. Retrieved from https://www.meatinstitute.org/index.php?ht=d/sp/i/156726/pid/156726. Accessed 23 May 2023
Our World in Data (2023) Per capita meat consumption in the United States. Our World in Data. Retrieved from https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/per-capita-meat-usa. Accessed 23 May 2023
Pesaran MH, Shin Y, Smith RJ (2001) Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. J Appl Economet 16(3):289–326. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.616
Petrovic Z, Djordjevic V, Milicevic D, Nastasijevic I, Parunovic N (2015) Meat production and consumption: Environmental consequences. Procedia Food Science 5:235–238
Phillips PC, Perron P (1988) Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika 75(2):335–346
Raihan A (2023a) An econometric evaluation of the effects of economic growth, energy use, and agricultural value added on carbon dioxide emissions in Vietnam. Asia-Pac J Reg Sci 7(1) https://doi.org/10.1007/s41685-023-00278-7
Raihan A (2023b) The contribution of economic development, renewable energy, technical advancements, and forestry to Uruguay’s objective of becoming carbon neutral by 2030. Carbon Res 2:20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-023-00052-6
Raihan A (2023c) Exploring Environmental Kuznets Curve and Pollution Haven Hypothesis in Bangladesh: The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment. J Environ Sci Econ 2(1):25–36 https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v2i1.451
Raihan A (2023d) The influences of renewable energy, globalization, technological innovations, and forests on emission reduction in Colombia. Innov Green Dev 2:100071 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100071
Raihan A (2023e) The dynamic nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, agricultural productivity, forest area, and carbon dioxide emissions in the Philippines. Energy Nexus 9:100180 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100180
Raihan A (2023f) Toward sustainable and green development in Chile: dynamic influences of carbon emission reduction variables. Innov Green Dev 2:100038 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100038
Raihan A (2023g) Nexus between economic growth, natural resources rents, trade globalization, financial development, and carbon emissions toward environmental sustainability in Uruguay. Electron J Educ Soc Econ Technol 4(2):55–65 https://doi.org/10.33122/ejeset.v4i2.102
Raihan A (2023h) Nexus between Greenhouse gas emissions and its determinants: the role of renewable energy and technological innovations towards green development in South Korea. Innov Green Dev 2:100066 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100066
Raihan A (2023i) Economy-energy-environment nexus: the role of information and communication technology towards green development in Malaysia. Innovation and Green Development 2:100085. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100085
Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM, Abdullah SMS (2018) Climate change mitigation options in the forestry sector of Malaysia. J Kejuruteraan SI 1(6):89–98 https://doi.org/10.17576/jkukm-2018-si1(6)-11
Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM, Abdullah SMS (2019) A review of emission reduction potential and cost savings through forest carbon sequestration. Asian J Water Environ Pollut 16(3):1–7. https://doi.org/10.3233/AJW190027
Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM (2021a) A meta-analysis of the economic value of forest carbon stock. Geografia – Malaysian J Soc Space 17(4):321–338 https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2021-1704-22
Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM, Pereira JJ (2021b) Assessment of carbon stock in forest biomass and emission reduction potential in Malaysia. Forests 12(10):1294. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12101294
Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM, Pereira JJ (2022a) Dynamic impacts of energy use, agricultural land expansion, and deforestation on CO2 emissions in Malaysia. Environ Ecol Stat 29(3):477–507. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10651-022-00532-9
Raihan A, Begum RA, Said MNM, Pereira JJ (2022b) Relationship between economic growth, renewable energy use, technological innovation, and carbon emission towards achieving Malaysia’s Paris Agreement. Environ Syst Decis 42(4):586–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10669-022-09848-0
Raihan A, Farhana S, Muhtasim DA, Hasan MAU, Paul A, Faruk O (2022c) The nexus between carbon emission, energy use, and health expenditure: empirical evidence from Bangladesh. Carbon Res 1(1):30. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-022-00030-4
Raihan A, Himu HA (2023) Global impact of COVID-19 on the sustainability of livestock production. Glob Sustain Res 2(2):1–11 https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v2i2.447
Raihan A, Ibrahim S, Muhtasim DA (2023a) Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, tourism, and agricultural productivity on carbon dioxide emissions in Egypt. World Dev Sustain 2:100059 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2023.100059
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Hasan MAU, Pavel MI, Faruk O, Rahman M, Mahmood A (2022d) Nexus between economic growth, energy use, urbanization, agricultural productivity, and carbon dioxide emissions: new insights from Bangladesh. Energy Nexus 8:100144 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100144
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Hasan MAU, Pavel MI, Faruk O, Rahman M, Mahmood A (2023b) An econometric analysis of Greenhouse gas emissions from different agricultural factors in Bangladesh. Energy Nexus 9:100179 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100179
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Hasan MAU, Paul A, Faruk O (2022e) Toward environmental sustainability: Nexus between tourism, economic growth, energy use and carbon emissions in Singapore. Glob Sustain Res 1(2):53–65 https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v1i2.408
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Pavel MI, Faruk O, Rahman M, Mahmood A (2022f) Nexus between carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, technological innovation, and forest area towards achieving environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. Energy Clim Change 3:100080 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egycc.2022.100080
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Rahman M, Hasan MAU, Paul A, Faruk O (2023c) Dynamic Linkages Between Environmental Factors and Carbon Emissions in Thailand. Environ Process 10(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-023-00618-x
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Pavel MI, Faruk O, Rahman M (2022g) An econometric analysis of the potential emission reduction components in Indonesia. Clean Prod Lett 3:100008 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clpl.2022.100008
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Pavel MI, Faruk O, Rahman M (2022h) Dynamic impacts of economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, and tourism on carbon dioxide emissions in Argentina. Environ Process 9(2):38. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-022-00590-y
Raihan A, Muhtasim DA, Khan MNA, Pavel MI, Faruk O (2022i) Nexus between carbon emissions, economic growth, renewable energy use, and technological innovation towards achieving environmental sustainability in Bangladesh. Clean Energy Syst 3:100032 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cles.2022.100032
Raihan A, Pavel MI, Muhtasim DA, Farhana S, Faruk O, Paul A (2023d) The role of renewable energy use, technological innovation, and forest cover toward green development: evidence from Indonesia. Innov Green Dev 2:100035 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2023.100035
Raihan A, Said MNM (2022) Cost-Benefit Analysis of Climate Change Mitigation Measures in the Forestry Sector of Peninsular Malaysia. Earth Syst Environ 6(2):405–419. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41748-021-00241-6
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022a) The nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, agricultural land expansion, and carbon emissions: new insights from Peru. Energy Nexus 6:100067 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100067
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022b) Role of economic growth, renewable energy, and technological innovation to achieve environmental sustainability in Kazakhstan. Curr Res Environ Sustain 4:100165 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crsust.2022.100165
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022c) Toward a sustainable environment: nexus between economic growth, renewable energy use, forested area, and carbon emissions in Malaysia. Resour Conserv Recycl Adv 15:200096 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200096
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022d) Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, urbanization, agricultural productivity, and forested area on carbon emissions: New insights from Kazakhstan. World Dev Sustain 1:100019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2022.100019
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022e) Nexus between economic growth, energy use, agricultural productivity, and carbon dioxide emissions: new evidence from Nepal. Energy Nexus 7:100113 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100113
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022f) Nexus between emission reduction factors and anthropogenic carbon emissions in India. Anthropocene Sci 1(2):295–310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44177-022-00028-y
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022g) Nexus between energy use, industrialization, forest area, and carbon dioxide emissions: New insights from Russia. J Environ Sci Econ 1(4):1–11 https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v1i4.269
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022h) Dynamic impacts of economic growth, energy use, urbanization, tourism, agricultural value-added, and forested area on carbon dioxide emissions in Brazil. J Environ Stud Sci 12(4):794–814. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13412-022-00782-w
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022i) The nexus between economic growth, energy use, urbanization, tourism, and carbon dioxide emissions: new insights from Singapore. Sustain Anal Model 2:100009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.samod.2022.100009
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022j) Dynamic impacts of economic growth, renewable energy use, urbanization, industrialization, tourism, agriculture, and forests on carbon emissions in Turkey. Carbon Res 1(1):20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44246-022-00019-z
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2022k) Towards sustainability: dynamic nexus between carbon emission and its determining factors in Mexico. Energy Nexus 8:100148 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2022.100148
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2023a) The role of renewable energy and technological innovations toward achieving Iceland’s goal of carbon neutrality by 2040. Journal of Technology Innov Energy 2(1):22–37 https://doi.org/10.56556/jtie.v2i1.421
Raihan A, Tuspekova A (2023b) Towards net zero emissions by 2050: the role of renewable energy, technological innovations, and forests in New Zealand. J Environ Sci Econ 2(1):1–16 https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v2i1.422
Raihan A, Voumik LC (2022a) Carbon emission dynamics in India due to financial development, renewable energy utilization, technological innovation, economic growth, and urbanization. J Environ Sci Econ 1(4):36–50 https://doi.org/10.56556/jescae.v1i4.412
Raihan A, Voumik LC (2022b) Carbon emission reduction potential of renewable energy, remittance, and technological innovation: empirical evidence from China. J Technol Innov Energy 1(4):25–36 https://doi.org/10.56556/jtie.v1i4.398
Raihan A, Voumik LC, Yusma N, Ridzuan AR (2023e) The nexus between international tourist arrivals and energy use towards sustainable tourism in Malaysia. Front Environ Sci 11:575. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1131782
Ramsey JB (1969) Tests for specification errors in classical linear least-squares regression analysis. J Roy Stat Soc B 31:350–371. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2517-6161.1969.tb00796.x
Ratnasiri S, Bandara J (2017) Changing patterns of meat consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in Australia: Will kangaroo meat make a difference?. PLoS One 12(2):e0170130 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170130
Revell BJ (2015) One Man’s Meat… 2050? Ruminations on future meat demand in the context of global warming. J Agric Econ 66(3):573–614. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12121
Rotz CA, Asem-Hiablie S, Place S, Thoma G (2019) Environmental footprints of beef cattle production in the United States. Agric Syst 169:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.11.005
Roy P, Orikasa T, Thammawong M, Nakamura N, Xu Q, Shiina T (2012) Life cycle of meats: An opportunity to abate the greenhouse gas emission from meat industry in Japan. J Environ Manage 93(1):218–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2011.09.017
Sanders KT, Webber ME (2014) A comparative analysis of the greenhouse gas emissions intensity of wheat and beef in the United States. Environ Res Lett 9(4):044011
Sandström V, Valin H, Krisztin T, Havlík P, Herrero M, Kastner T (2018) The role of trade in the greenhouse gas footprints of EU diets. Glob Food Sec 19:48–55. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2018.08.007
Stanley PL, Rowntree JE, Beede DK, DeLonge MS, Hamm MW (2018) Impacts of soil carbon sequestration on life cycle greenhouse gas emissions in Midwestern USA beef finishing systems. Agric Syst 162:249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agsy.2018.02.003
Steinfeld H, Gerber P, Wassenaar T, Castel V, Rosales M, De Haan C (2006) Livestock’s long shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Subak S (1999) Global environmental costs of beef production. Ecol Econ 30(1):79–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(98)00100-1
Taillie LS, Prestemon CE, Hall MG, Grummon AH, Vesely A, Jaacks LM (2022) Developing health and environmental warning messages about red meat: An online experiment. Plos One 17(6):e0268121 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268121
Twine R (2021) Emissions from animal agriculture—16.5% is the new minimum figure. Sustainability 13(11):6276 https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116276
Umar M, Ji X, Kirikkaleli D, Alola AA (2021) The imperativeness of environmental quality in the United States transportation sector amidst biomass-fossil energy consumption and growth. J Clean Prod 285:124863 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.124863
Usman O, Alola AA, Ike GN (2021) Modelling the effect of energy consumption on different environmental indicators in the United States: the role of financial development and renewable energy innovations. Nat Res Forum 45(4):441–463. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12242
Vieux F, Darmon N, Touazi D, Soler LG (2012) Greenhouse gas emissions of self-selected individual diets in France: changing the diet structure or consuming less? Ecol Econ 75:91–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2012.01.003
Voumik LC, Islam MJ, Raihan A (2022) Electricity production sources and CO2 emission in OECD countries: static and dynamic panel analysis. Glob Sustain Res 1(2):12–21 https://doi.org/10.56556/gssr.v1i2.327
Voumik LC, Mimi MB, Raihan A (2023) Nexus between urbanization, industrialization, natural resources rent, and anthropogenic carbon emissions in South Asia: CS-ARDL approach. Anthropocene Sci. https://doi.org/10.1007/s44177-023-00047-3
Yamaka W, Phadkantha R, Rakpho P (2021) Economic and energy impacts on greenhouse gas emissions: A case study of China and the USA. Energy Rep 7:240–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.040
Wei Y, Zhang X, Xu M, Chang Y (2023) Greenhouse gas emissions of meat products in China: A provincial-level quantification. Resour Conserv Recycl 190:106843 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106843
Weibel C, Ohnmacht T, Schaffner D, Kossmann K (2019) Reducing individual meat consumption: An integrated phase model approach. Food Qual Prefer 73:8–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.11.011
Wistar A, Hall MG, Bercholz M, Taillie LS (2022) Designing environmental messages to discourage red meat consumption: An online experiment. Int J Environ Res Public Health 19(5):2919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19052919
World Bank (2023) World Development Indicators (WDI), Data series by The World Bank Group. The World Bank: Washington, DC, USA. Retrieved from https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators. Accessed 23 May 2023
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, visualization, and writing were performed by A.R.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing Interests
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics Approval and Consent to Participate
Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest
The author declares that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Raihan, A. An Econometric Assessment of the Relationship Between Meat Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in the United States. Environ. Process. 10, 32 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-023-00650-x
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40710-023-00650-x