Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Urinary strips for protein assays: easy to do but difficult to interpret!

  • Review
  • Published:
Journal of Nephrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Urine samples can be readily obtained from patients in everyday clinical practice. Therefore, the availability of urine allows physicians to obtain relevant clinical information in a timely manner. Since the measurement of urinary protein levels is essential in diagnosing and treating a host of diseases, the potential detection of urinary proteins by urinary strips in an easy, quick, and cheap way is very attractive. However, to ensure optimal use of urinary strips, one needs to be aware of their characteristics and their limitations. In this review, we discuss the characteristics of the urinary strips available for testing urinary protein levels and for detecting urinary albumin. We then consider their analytical performances in their most widely used clinical applications (e.g., in pregnancy, chronic kidney disease, diabetes, and screening of the general population).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Cameron S, Neild GH (2013) Oliver and Feigl: 2 forgotten fathers of “stick” testing of urine for albumin. J Nephrol 26:77–81

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. De Santo NG, Diiorio B, Aliotta G, Colussi GL, Bisaccia C, Di Micco L et al (2013) Prognosis of life and death and disease duration from urine examination according to Prospero Alpini (1563–1616). J Nephrol 26:66–76

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Voswinckel P (1994) A marvel of colors and ingredients. The story of urine test strip. Kidney Int Suppl 47:S3–7

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Johnson G (1894) Some common sources of errors in testing for sugar in the urine. Lancet 144:11–13

    Google Scholar 

  5. Colls PC (1896) Notes on creatinine. J Physiol 20:107–111

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO (2012) Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and management of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2013(3):1–150. https://doi.org/10.1038/kisup.2012.76

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Halimi J-M, Hadjadj S, Aboyans V, Allaert F-A, Artigou J-Y, Beaufils M et al (2007) Microalbuminurie et excrétion urinaire d’albumine: recommandations pour la pratique clinique. Nephrol Ther 3:384–391

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Naresh CN, Hayen A, Weening A, Craig JC, Chadban SJ (2013) Day-to-day variability in spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio. Am J Kidney Dis 62:1095–1101

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Waikar SS, Rebholz CM, Zheng Z, Hurwitz S, Hsu C, Feldman HI et al (2018) Biological variability of estimated GFR and albuminuria in CKD. Am J Kidney Dis 72:538–546

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Hishiki S, Tochikubo O, Miyajima E, Ishii M (1998) Circadian variation of urinary microalbumin excretion and ambulatory blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. J Hypertens 16:2101–2108

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Cockcroft DW, Gault MH (1976) Prediction of creatinine clearance from serum creatinine. Nephron 16:31–41

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Tomaselli L, Trischitta V, Vinci C, Frittitta L, Squatrito S, Vigneri R (1989) Evaluation of albumin excretion rate in overnight versus 24-h urine. Diabetes Care 12:585–587

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Toto RD, Kirk KA, Coresh J, Jones C, Appel L, Wright J et al (1997) Evaluation of serum creatinine for estimating glomerular filtration rate in African Americans with hypertensive nephrosclerosis: results from the African-American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Pilot Study. J Am Soc Nephrol 8:279–287

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Brown MA, Buddie ML (1995) Inadequacy of dipstick proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy. Aust NZ J Obs Gynaecol 35:366–369

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. Shaw AB, Risdon P, Lewis-jackson JD (1983) Protein creatinine index and Albustix in assessment. BMJ 287:929–932

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Tai J, Tze WJ (1990) Evaluation of micro-bumintest reagent tablets for screening of microalbuminuria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 9:137–142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Hermans MP, Selvais P, van Ypersele de Strihou M, Ketelslegers JM (1994) Detection of low-range diabetic microalbuminuria: Micral-TEST revisited. Diabetes Care 19:6–7

    Google Scholar 

  18. Spooren PFMJ, Lekkerkerker JFF, Vermes I (1992) Micral-Test®: a qualitative dipstick test for micro-albuminuria. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 18:83–87

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Bangstad HJ, Try K, Dalh-Jorgensen K, Hanssen KF (1991) New semiquantitative dipstick test for microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 14:1094–1097

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Kouri TT, Viikari JSA, Mattila KS, Irjala KMA (1991) Microalbuminuria. Invalidity of simple concentration-based screening tests for early nephropathy due to urinary volumes of diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 14:591–593

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Micral-Test PG (1993) A new semiquantitative test for urinary albumin. Diabetes Care 16:659–660

    Google Scholar 

  22. Higby K, Suiter CR, Siler-khodr T (1995) A comparison between two screening methods for detection of microproteinuria. Am J Obs Gynecol 173:1111–1114

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  23. Tiu SC, Lee SS, Cheng MW (1993) Comparison of six commercial techniques in the measurement of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 16:616–620

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Webb DJ, Newman DJ, Chaturvedi N, Fulle JH (1996) The use of the Micral-Test strip to identify the presence of microalbuminuria in people with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) participating in the EUCLID study. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 31:93–102

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  25. Gilbert RE, Akdeniz A, Jerums G (1997) Detection of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients by urinary dipstick. Diabetes Res Clin Pr 35:57–60

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Waugh J, Bell SC, Kilby M, Lambert P, Shennan A, Halligan A (2001) Effect of concentration and biochemical assay on the accuracy of urine dipsticks in hypertensive pregnancies. Hypertens Pregnancy 20:205–217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Comper W, Jerums G, Osicka T (2003) Deficiency in the detection of microalbuminuria by urinary dipstick in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 26:3195–3196

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Meyer NL, Mercer BM, Friedman SA, Sibai BM (1994) Urinary dipstick protein: a poor predictor of absent or severe proteinuria. Am J Obs Gynecol 170:137–141

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  29. Harrison NA, Rainford DJ, White GA, Cullen SA, Strike PW (1989) Proteinuria-what value is the dipstick? Br J Urol 63:202–208

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Saudan PJ, Brown MA, Farrell T, Shaw L (1997) Improved methods of assessing proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy. BJOG 104:1159–1164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  31. Ralston SH, Caine N, Richards I, O’Reilly D, Sturrock RD, Capell HA (1988) Screening for proteinuria in a rheumatology clinic: comparison of dipstick testing, 24 hour urine quantitative protein, and protein/creatinine ratio in random urine samples. Ann Rheum Dis 47:759–763

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  32. Allen JK, Krauss EA, Deeter RG (1991) Dipstick analysis of urinary protein. Arch Pathol Lab Med 115:34–37

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Kuo VS, Koumantakis G, Gallery EDM (1992) Proteinuria and its assessment in normal and hypertensive pregnancy. Am J Obs Gynecol 167:723–728

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Gerber LM, Johnston K, Alderman MH (1998) Assessment of a new dipstick test in screening for microalbuminuria in patients with hypertension. Am J Hypertens 11:1321–1327

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Leong SO, Lui KF, Ng WY, Thai AC (1998) The use of semi-quantitative urine test-strip (Micral Test) for microalbuminuria screening in patients with diabetes mellitus. Singapore Med J 39:101–103

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Parikh CR, Fischer MJ, Estacio R, Schrier RW (2004) Rapid microalbuminuria screening in type 2 diabetes mellitus: simplified approach with Micral test strips and specific gravity. Nephrol Dial Transpl 19:1881–1885

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  37. Waugh JJS, Bell SC, Kilby MD, Blackwell CN, Seed P, Shennan AH et al (2005) Optimal bedside urinalysis for the detection of proteinuria in hypertensive pregnancy: a study of diagnostic accuracy. BJOG 112:412–417

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Cortes-Sanabria L, Martinez-Ramirez HR, Hernandez JL, Rojas-Campos E, Canales-Munoz JL, Cueto-Manzano AM (2006) Utility of the dipstick micraltest II(trademark) in the screening of microalbuminuria of diabetes mellitus type 2 and essential hypertension. Rev Invest Clin 58:190–197

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Dwyer B, Gorman M, Carroll I, Druzin M (2008) Urinalysis vs urine protein-creatinine ratio to predict significant proteinuria in pregnancy. J Perinatol 28:461–467

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Abebe J, Eigbefoh J, Isabu P, Okogbenin S, Eifediyi R, Okusanya B (2008) Accuracy of urine dipsticks, 2-h and 12-h urine collections for protein measurement as compared with the 24-h collection. J Obs Gynecol 28:496–500

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Guy M, Newall R, Borzomato J, Kalra PA, Price C (2009) Diagnostic accuracy of the urinary albumin: creatinine ratio determined by the CLINITEK Microalbumin and DCA 2000+ for the rule-out of albuminuria in chronic kidney disease. Clin Chim Acta 399:54–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2008.09.006

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Guy M, Newall R, Borzomato J, Kalra PA, Price C (2009) Use of a first-line urine protein-to-creatinine ratio strip test on random urines to rule out proteinuria in patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:1189–1193. https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/gfn612

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Chotayaporn T, Kasitanon N, Sukitawut W, Louthrenoo W (2011) Comparison of proteinuria determination by urine dipstick, spot urine protein creatinine index, and urine protein 24 hours in lupus patients. J Clin Rheumatol 17:124–129

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. James GP, Bee DE, Fuller JB (1978) Proteinuria: accuracy and precision of laboratory diagnosis by dip-stick analysis. Clin Chem 1939:1934–1939

    Google Scholar 

  45. Marshall SM, Shearing PA, Alberti KGMM (1992) Micral-Test strips evaluated for screening for albuminuria. Clin Chem 38:588–591

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  46. Hofmann W, Regenbogen C, Edel H, Guder WG (1994) Diagnostic strategies in urinalysis. Kidney Int Suppl 46:S111–S114

    Google Scholar 

  47. de Grauw WJ, van de Lisdonk EH, van de Hoogen HJ, van Gerwen WH, Van den Bosch WJ, Willems JL et al (1995) Screening for microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetic patients: the evaluation of a dipstick test in general practice. Diabet Med 12:657–663

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Kutter D, Thomas J, Kremer S, Hansen S, Carl R (1995) Screening for oligoalbuminuria by means of Micra-Test II a new immunological test strip. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 33:243–245

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Poulsen PL, Mogensen CE (1995) Evaluation of a new semiquantitative stix for microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 18:732–733

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  50. Mogensen CE, Viberti GC, Peheim E, Kutter D, Hasslacher C, Hofmann W et al (1997) Multicenter evaluation of the micral-test II test strip, an immunologic rapid test for the detection of microalbuminuria. Diabetes Care 20:1642–1646

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Pegoraro A, Singh A, Bakir AA, Arruda JAL, Dunea G (1997) Simplified screening for microalbuminuria. Ann Intern Med 127:817–819

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  52. Parsons M, Newman DJ, Pugia M, Newall RG, Price CP (1999) Performance of a reagent strip device for quantification of the urine albumin: creatinine ratio in a point of care setting. Clin Nephrol 51:220–227

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  53. Sam R, Shaykh MS, Pegoraro AA, Khalili V, Hristea I, Singh AK et al (2003) The significance of trace proteinuria. Am J Nephrol 23:438–441

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  54. Watanabe M, Funabiki K, Tsuge T, Maeda K (2005) Using protein /creatinine ratios in random urine. J Clin Lab Anal 19:160–166

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  55. Konta T, Hao Z, Takasaki S, Abiko H, Ishikawa M, Takahashi T et al (2007) Clinical utility of trace proteinuria for microalbuminuria screening in the general population. Clin Exp Nephrol 11:51–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10157-006-0458-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  56. Wilde HM, Banks D, Larsen CL, Connors G, Wallace D, Lyon ME (2008) Evaluation of the Bayer® microalbumin/creatinine urinalysis dipstick. Clin Chim Acta 393:110–113

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. White SL, Yu R, Craig JC, Polkinghorne KR, Atkins RC, Chadban SJ (2011) Diagnostic accuracy of urine dipsticks for detection of albuminuria in the general community. Am J Kidney Dis 58:19–28

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Decavele ASC, Fiers T, Penders J, Delanghe JR (2012) A sensitive quantitative test strip based point-of-care albuminuria screening assay. Clin Chem Lab Med 50:673–678

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Yamada T, Kojima T, Akaishi R, Ishikawa S, Takeda M, Kawaguchi S et al (2014) Problems in methods for the detection of significant proteinuria in pregnancy. J Obs Gynaecol Res 40:161–166

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  60. Tani Y, Nakayama M, Terawaki H, Iseki K, Watanabe T (2015) Comparison of albuminuria test and urine test strip in Japanese hypertensive patients: AVA-E study. Clin Nephrol 84:270–273

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Baba Y, Furuta I, Zhai T, Ohkuchi A, Yamada T, Takahashi K et al (2017) Effect of urine creatinine level during pregnancy on dipstick test. J Obs Gynaecol Res 43:967–973

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  62. Nah EH, Cho S, Kim S, Cho HI (2017) Comparison of urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR) between acr strip test and quantitative test in prediabetes and diabetes. Ann Lab Med 37:28–33

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Park JI, Baek H, Kim BR, Jung HH (2017) Comparison of urine dipstick and albumin: creatinine ratio for chronic kidney disease screening: a population-based study. PLoS ONE 12:1–12

    Google Scholar 

  64. Free AH, Rupe CO, Metzler I (1957) Studies with a new colorimetric test for proteinuria. Clin Chem 3:716–727

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Fraser SC (1958) Laboratory trial of a paper strip test for proteinuria. BMJ 1:981–983

    Google Scholar 

  66. Rennie IDB, Keen H (1967) Evaluation of clinical methods for detecting proteinuria. Lancet 20:489–492

    Google Scholar 

  67. Baron DN, Newman F (1958) Assessment of a new simple colorimetric test for proteinuria. BMJ 1:980

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Free HM, Collins GF, Free AH (1960) Triple-test strip for urinary glucose, protein, and pH. Clin Chem 6:352–361

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  69. Kirkland JA, Morgan HG (1961) An assessment of routine hospital urine testing for protein and glucose. Scot Med J 6:513–519

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Jensen JEB, Nielsen SH, Foged L, Holmegaard SN, Magid E (1996) The MICRAL® test for diabetic microalbuminuria: predictive values as a function of prevalence. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 56:117–122

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Le Floch JP, Marre M, Rodier M, Passa P (2001) Interest of Clinitek Microalbumin in screening for microalbuminuria: results of a multicentre study in 302 diabetic patients. Diabetes Metab 27:36–39

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  72. McTaggart MP, Price CP, Pinnock RG, Stevens PE, Newall RG, Lamb EJ (2012) The diagnostic accuracy of a urine albumin–creatinine ratio point-of-care test for detection of albuminuria in primary care. Am J Kidney Dis 60:787–794

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Moore RR, Hirata-Dulas CA, Kasiske BL (1997) Use of urine specific gravity to improve screening for albuminuria. Kidney Int 52:240–243

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Smith BC, Peake MJ, Fraser CG (1977) Urinalysisby use of multi-test reagent strips: two dipsticks compared. Clin Chem 23:2337–2340

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  75. Cook Fetter M, Rebar JJ, Metzler I (1959) Studies with a single strip test for the simultaneous determination of glycosuria, proteinuria, and urine pH. Am J Med Technol 20:401–407

    Google Scholar 

  76. Sörensen SPL, Enzymstudien II (1909) Über die Messung und die Bedeutung der Wasserstoffenconzentration bei enzymatischen Prozessen. Biochem Z 21:131–200

    Google Scholar 

  77. Gai M, Motta D, Giunti S, Fop F, Masini S, Mezza E et al (2006) Comparison between 24-h proteinuria, urinary protein/creatinine ratio and dipstick test in patients with nephropathy: patterns of proteinuria in dipstick-negative patients. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 66:299–308

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  78. Hinberg IH, Katz L, Waddell L, Health N, Canada W, Pasture T (1978) Sensitivity of in vitro diagnostic dipstick tests to urinary protein. CLBIA 11:62–64

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  79. Kutter D, Kremer A, Bousser F, Kambris Z (1997) A simple and inexpensive screening test for low protein levels in urine. Clin Chim Acta 258:231–239

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  80. Kutter D (2000) The urine test strip of the future. Clin Chim Acta 297:297–304

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  81. Bowie L, Smith S, Gochman N (1977) Characteristics of binding between reagent-strip indicator sand urinary proteins. Clin Chem 23:1976–1978

    Google Scholar 

  82. Agarwal R, Panesar A, Lewis RR (2002) Dipstick proteinuria: can it guide hypertension management? Am J Kidney Dis 39:1190–1195

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  83. Constantiner M, Sehgal AR, Humbert L, Constantiner D, Arce L, Sedor JR et al (2005) A dipstick protein and specific gravity algorithm accurately predicts pathological proteinuria. Am J Kidney Dis. 45:2005

    Google Scholar 

  84. Graziani MS, Gambaro G, Mantovani L, Sorio A, Yabarek T, Abaterusso C et al (2009) Diagnostic accuracy of a reagent strip for assessing urinary albumin excretion in the general population. Nephrol Dial Transpl 24:1490–1494

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  85. Gangaram R, Naicker M, Moodley J (2009) Accuracy of the spot urinary microalbumin:creatinine ratio and visual dipsticks in hypertensive pregnant women. Eur J Obs Gynecol Reprod Biol 144:146–148

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  86. Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, Wians FH, Phillips L (1998) Comparison of instrument-read dipsticks for albumin and creatinine in urine with visual results and quantitative methods. J Clin Lab Anal 12:280–284

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  87. Croal BL, Mutch WJ, Clark BM, Dickie A, Church J, Noble D et al (2001) The clinical application of a urine albumin: creatinine ratio point-of-care device. Clin Chim Acta 307:15–21

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  88. Koeda Y, Tanaka F, Segawa T, Ohta M, Ohsawa M, Tanno K et al (2016) Comparison between urine albumin-tocreatinine ratio and urine protein dipstick testing for prevalence and ability to predict the risk for chronic kidney disease in the general population (Iwate-KENCO study): a prospective community-based cohort study. BMC Nephrol 17:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  89. Lim S, Yu HJ, Lee S, Park H, Kwon MJ, Woo HY (2018) Evaluation of the URiSCAN 2 ACR Strip to estimate the urine albumin/creatinine ratios. J Clin Lab Anal 32:6–11

    Google Scholar 

  90. Winkens RA, Leffers P, Degenaar CP, Houben AW (1991) The reproducibility of urinalysis using multiple reagent test strips. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 29:813–818

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  91. Bell SC, Halligan AWF, Martin A, Ashmore J, Shennan AH, Lambert PC et al (1999) The role of observer error in antenatal dipstick proteinuria analysis. BJOG 106:1177–1180

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  92. Rumley A (2000) Urine dipstick testing: comparison of results obtained by visual reading and with the Bayer CLINITEK 50. Ann Clin Biochem 37:220–221. https://doi.org/10.1258/0004563001899041

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  93. Jury DR, Mikkelsen DJ, Glen D, Dunn PJ (1992) Assessment of Micral-Test microalbuminuria test strip in the laboratory and in diabetic outpatients. Ann Clin Biochem 29:96–100

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  94. Yates A (2016) Urinalysis: how to interpret results. Nurs Times 20:1–3

    Google Scholar 

  95. Peele JD, Gadsden RH, Crews R (1977) Semi-automated vs visual reading of urinalysis dipsticks. Clin Chem 23:2242–2246

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  96. Wallace JF, Pugia MJ, Lott JA, Luke KE, Shihabi ZK, Sheehan M et al (2001) Multisite evaluation of a new dipstick for albumin, protein, and creatinine. J Clin Lab Anal 15:231–235

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  97. Lott JA, Johnson WR, Luke KE (1995) Evaluation of an automated urine chemistry reagent-strip analyzer. J Clin Lab Anal 9:212–217

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  98. Sasaki M, Pugia MJ, Parker DR, Kuromoto K, Furukawa I, Konishi I (1999) Measurement of the albumin content of urinary protein using dipsticks. J Clin Lab Anal 13:246–250

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  99. De Silva DA, Halstead AC, Côté AM, Sabr Y, von Dadelszen P, Magee LA (2014) Urinary dipstick proteinuria testing: does automated strip analysis offer an advantage over visual testing? J Obs Gynaecol Can 36:605–612

    Google Scholar 

  100. Hasslacher C (1993) Clinical significance of microalbuminuria and evaluation of the Micral-test. Clin Biochem 26:283–287

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  101. Minetti EE, Cozzi MG, Granata S, Guidi E (1997) Accuracy of the urinary albumin titrator stick “Micral-Test” in kidney-disease patients. Nephrol Dial Transpl 12:78–80

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  102. Fernandez IF, Paez Pinto JM, Hermosin BT, Vazquez GP, Ortiz Camunez MA, Tarilonte Delgado MA (1998) Rapid screening test evaluation for microalbuminuria in diabetes mellitus. Acta Diabetol 35:199–202

    Google Scholar 

  103. Inker LA, Mondal H, Greene T, Masaschi T, Locatelli F, Schena FP et al (2016) Early change in urine protein as a surrogate end point in studies of IgA nephropathy: an individual-patient meta-analysis. Am J Kidney Dis 68:392–401

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  104. Irgens-Møller L, Hemmingsen L, Holm J (1986) Diagnostic value of microalbuminuria in pre-eclampsia. Clin Chim Acta 157:295–298

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  105. Paruk F, Moodley J, Daya PKS, Meineke K (1997) Screening for proteinuria in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. J Obs Gynaecol 17:528–530

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  106. Phelan LK, Brown MA, Davis GK, Mangos G (2004) A prospective study of the impact of automated dipstick urinalysis on the diagnosis of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 23:135–142

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  107. Newman D, Pugia M, Lott J, Wallace J, Hiar A (2001) Urinary protein and albumin excretion corrected by specific gravity. Clin Chim Acta 294:139–155

    Google Scholar 

  108. Sawicki PT, Heinemann L, Berger M (1989) Comparison of methods for determination of microalbuminuria in diabetic patients. Diabet Med 6:412–415

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  109. Davidson MB, Smiley JF (1999) Relationship between dipstick positive proteinuria and albumin:creatinine ratios. J Diabetes Complicat 13:52–55

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Service de Néphrologie-Dialyse-Transplantation, University of Liège, CHU Sart Tilman (CHU ULg), 4000, Liège, Belgium

    Guillaume Résimont & Pierre Delanaye

  2. Département de Biochimie-Hormonologie, Pôle de Biologie-Pathologie, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France

    Laurence Piéroni

  3. Laboratoire de Biochimie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France

    Edith Bigot-Corbel

  4. Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Liege, CHU de Liège, Liège, Belgium

    Etienne Cavalier

  5. Department of Nephrology-Dialysis-Apheresis, Hopital Universitaire Caremeau, Nimes, France

    Pierre Delanaye

Authors
  1. Guillaume Résimont
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Laurence Piéroni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Edith Bigot-Corbel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Etienne Cavalier
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Pierre Delanaye
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Guillaume Résimont.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that there is no conflict of interest regarding the publication of this article. The review article presented here has neither been published, nor submitted elsewhere.

Ethical approval

This article does not contain any studies on human participants or animals performed by authors.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Résimont, G., Piéroni, L., Bigot-Corbel, E. et al. Urinary strips for protein assays: easy to do but difficult to interpret!. J Nephrol 34, 411–432 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00735-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40620-020-00735-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation