Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Nutrition in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Rationale and Review of Recent Evidence

  • Published:
Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose of Review

This review aims to provide an overview of the pathophysiological basis for the use of nutritional strategies in the treatment of schizophrenia, outline the evidence for dietary intervention strategies, and discuss clinical considerations around their implementation.

Recent Findings

Inflammatory and metabolic mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of schizophrenia are well-characterized and may provide promising treatment targets. Existing literature on dietary intervention strategies for schizophrenia provides evidence supporting the use of antiinflammatory diets, select vitamins and supplements, and more targeted approaches such as gluten-free or ketogenic diets in specific subsets of patients. Implementation of these strategies is limited by physician education on nutrition, inherent difficulties in researching nutrition, patient factors, and structural factors.

Summary

Nutritional approaches represent an important and potentially underutilized treatment strategy to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life for patients with schizophrenia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

Not applicable.

References

Papers of particular interest, published recently, have been highlighted as: • Of importance •• Of major importance

  1. Adan RAH, Van Der Beek EM, Buitelaar JK, Cryan JF, Hebebrand J, Higgs S, et al. Nutritional psychiatry: towards improving mental health by what you eat. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2019;29(12):1321–32.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Aggarwal M, Devries S, Freeman AM, Ostfeld R, Gaggin H, Taub P, et al. The deficit of nutrition education of physicians. Am J Med. 2018;131(4):339–45.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Teasdale SB, Ward PB, Rosenbaum S, Samaras K, Stubbs B. Solving a weighty problem: systematic review and meta-analysis of nutrition interventions in severe mental illness. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;210(2):110–8.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  4. Müller N. The role of inflammation in schizophrenia. Front Neurosci. 2015;9:9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Miller BJ, Goldsmith DR. Evaluating the hypothesis that schizophrenia is an inflammatory disorder. FOC. 2020;18(4):391–401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Leonard BE, Schwarz M, Myint AM. The metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia: is inflammation a contributing cause? J Psychopharmacol. 2012;26(5_suppl):33–41.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Kucukgoncu S, Kosir U, Zhou E, Sullivan E, Srihari VH, Tek C. Glucose metabolism dysregulation at the onset of mental illness is not limited to first episode psychosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Early Int Psychiatry. 2019;13(5):1021–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. De Bartolomeis A, De Simone G, De Prisco M, Barone A, Napoli R, Beguinot F, et al. Insulin effects on core neurotransmitter pathways involved in schizophrenia neurobiology: a meta-analysis of preclinical studies. Implications for the treatment. Mol Psychiatry [Internet]. 2023; Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-023-02065-4

  9. Helaly AMN, Ghorab DSED. Schizophrenia as metabolic disease. What are the causes? Metab Brain Dis. 2023;38(3):795–804.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Dohan FC. Wartime changes in hospital admissions for schizophrenia: a comparison of admissions for schizophrenia and other psychoses in six countries during World War II. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1966;42(1):1–23.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Alkhiari R. Psychiatric and neurological manifestations of Celiac disease in adults. Cureus [Internet]. 2023; Available from: https://www.cureus.com/articles/140606-psychiatric-and-neurological-manifestations-of-celiac-disease-in-adults. Accessed 22 May 2023.

  12. Abdi F, Zuberi S, Blom JJ, Armstrong D, Pinto-Sanchez MI. Nutritional considerations in Celiac disease and non-Celiac gluten/wheat sensitivity. Nutrients. 2023;15(6):1475.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Infantino M, Manfredi M, Meacci F, Grossi V, Severino M, Benucci M, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of anti-gliadin antibodies in non-Celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) patients. Clinica Chimica Acta. 2015;451:135–41.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. Čiháková D, Eaton WW, Talor MV, Harkus UH, Demyanovich HK, Rodriguez K, et al. Gliadin-related antibodies in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 2018;195:585–6.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Kelly DL, Demyanovich HK, Eaton WW, Cascella N, Jackson J, Fasano A, et al. Anti gliadin antibodies (AGA IgG) related to peripheral inflammation in schizophrenia. Brain Behav Immun. 2018;69:57–9.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  16. Liu JCW, Gorbovskaya I, Hahn MK, Müller DJ. The gut microbiome in schizophrenia and the potential benefits of prebiotic and probiotic treatment. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1152.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  17. Juckel G, Freund N. Microglia and microbiome in schizophrenia: can immunomodulation improve symptoms? J Neural Transm [Internet]. 2023; Available from: https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s00702-023-02605-w. Accessed 22 May 2023.

  18. Rothschild D, Weissbrod O, Barkan E, Kurilshikov A, Korem T, Zeevi D, et al. Environment dominates over host genetics in shaping human gut microbiota. Nature. 2018;555(7695):210–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Onaolapo OJ, Onaolapo AY. Nutrition, nutritional deficiencies, and schizophrenia: an association worthy of constant reassessment. WJCC. 2021;9(28):8295–311.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Graham KA, Keefe RS, Lieberman JA, Calikoglu AS, Lansing KM, Perkins DO. Relationship of low vitamin D status with positive, negative and cognitive symptom domains in people with first-episode schizophrenia. Early Int Psychiatry. 2015;9(5):397–405.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. Lally J, Ajnakina O, Singh N, Gardner-Sood P, Stubbs B, Stringer D, et al. Vitamin D and clinical symptoms in first episode psychosis (FEP): a prospective cohort study. Schizophrenia Res. 2019;204:381–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Menon V, Kar SK, Suthar N, Nebhinani N. Vitamin D and depression: a critical appraisal of the evidence and future directions. Ind J Psychol Med. 2020;42(1):11–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Hsu MC, Huang YS, Ouyang WC. Beneficial effects of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenia: possible mechanisms. Lipids Health Dis. 2020;19(1):159.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Aucoin M, LaChance L, Cooley K, Kidd S. Diet and psychosis: a scoping review. Neuropsychobiology. 2020;79(1):20–42.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Cha HY, Yang SJ. Anti-inflammatory diets and schizophrenia. Clin Nutr Res. 2020;9(4):241.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  26. Adamowicz K, Mazur A, Mak M, Samochowiec J, Kucharska-Mazur J. Metabolic Syndrome and cognitive functions in schizophrenia—implementation of dietary intervention. Front Psychiatry. 2020;30(11):359.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Grajek M, Krupa-Kotara K, Białek-Dratwa A, Sobczyk K, Grot M, Kowalski O, et al. Nutrition and mental health: a review of current knowledge about the impact of diet on mental health. Front Nutr. 2022;22(9):943998.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Norwitz NG, Sethi S, Palmer CM. Ketogenic diet as a metabolic treatment for mental illness. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes. 2020;27(5):269–74.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Gilbert-Jaramillo J, Vargas-Pico D, Espinosa-Mendoza T, Falk S, Llanos-Fernandez K, Guerrero-Haro J, et al. The effects of the ketogenic diet on psychiatric symptomatology, weight and metabolic dysfunction in schizophrenia patients. Clin Nutr Metab [Internet]. 2018;1(1) Available from: https://www.oatext.com/the-effects-of-the-ketogenic-diet-on-psychiatric-symptomatology-weight-and-metabolic-dysfunction-in-schizophrenia-patients.php

  30. Palmer CM, Gilbert-Jaramillo J, Westman EC. The ketogenic diet and remission of psychotic symptoms in schizophrenia: two case studies. Schizophrenia Res. 2019;208:439–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Kraft BD, Westman EC. Schizophrenia, gluten, and low-carbohydrate, ketogenic diets: a case report and review of the literature. Nutr Metab (Lond). 2009;6(1):10.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Palmer CM. Ketogenic diet in the treatment of schizoaffective disorder: two case studies. Schizophrenia Res. 2017;189:208–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. • Danan A, Westman EC, Saslow LR, Ede G. The ketogenic diet for refractory mental illness: a retrospective analysis of 31 inpatients. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13: 951376. This retrospective study of 31 hospitalized patients with severe mental illness on a ketogenic diet included 10 patients with schizoaffective disorder who saw reductions in both positive and negative symptoms on the diet.

  34. Jackson J, Eaton W, Cascella N, Fasano A, Warfel D, Feldman S, et al. A gluten-free diet in people with schizophrenia and anti-tissue transglutaminase or anti-gliadin antibodies. Schizophrenia Res. 2012;140(1–3):262–3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Kelly DL, Demyanovich HK, Rodriguez KM, Čiháková D, Talor MV, McMahon RP, et al. Randomized controlled trial of a gluten-free diet in patients with schizophrenia positive for antigliadin antibodies (AGA IgG): a pilot feasibility study. Jpn. 2019;44(4):269–76.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Motoyama M, Yamada H, Maebayashi K, Yoshimura C, Matsunaga H. Efficacy of a gluten-restricted diet in treatment-resistant schizophrenia patients with immunological gluten sensitivity: a case report. Schizophrenia Res. 2022;241:68–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Ballini A, Charitos IA, Cantore S, Topi S, Bottalico L, Santacroce L. About functional foods: the probiotics and prebiotics state of art. Antibiotics. 2023;12(4):635.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Okubo R, Koga M, Katsumata N, Odamaki T, Matsuyama S, Oka M, et al. Effect of bifidobacterium breve A-1 on anxiety and depressive symptoms in schizophrenia: a proof-of-concept study. J Affect Disord. 2019;245:377–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  39. Mujahid EH, Limoa E, Syamsuddin S, Bahar B, Renaldi R, Aminuddin A, et al. Effect of probiotic adjuvant therapy on improvement of clinical symptoms & interleukin 6 levels in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Investig. 2022;19(11):898–908.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  40. Ghaderi A, Banafshe HR, Mirhosseini N, Moradi M, Karimi MA, Mehrzad F, et al. Clinical and metabolic response to vitamin D plus probiotic in schizophrenia patients. BMC Psychiatry. 2019;19(1):77.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  41. Dickerson FB, Stallings C, Origoni A, Katsafanas E, Savage CLG, Schweinfurth LAB, et al. Effect of probiotic supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms and association with gastrointestinal functioning: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Prim Care Companion for CNS Disord. 16(1):26294.

  42. • Kelly DL, Kane MA, Fraser CM, Sayer MA, Grant-Beurmann S, Liu T, et al. Prebiotic treatment increases serum butyrate in people with schizophrenia: results of an open-label inpatient pilot clinical trial. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2021;41(2):200–2. This open-label study of 5 participants with treatment-resistant schizophrenia showed that adjunct prebiotic treatment led to decreased symptoms the positive symptom and hostility domains on the BPRS, as well as cognitive improvements.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Kao ACC, Safarikova J, Marquardt T, Mullins B, Lennox BR, Burnet PWJ. Pro-cognitive effect of a prebiotic in psychosis: a double blind placebo controlled cross-over study. Schizophrenia Res. 2019;208:460–1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Sevillano-Jiménez A, Romero-Saldaña M, García-Rodríguez M, Molina-Luque R, Molina-Recio G. Nutritional impact and eating pattern changes in schizophrenic spectrum disorders after health education program on symbiotic dietary modulation offered by specialised psychiatric nursing–two-arm randomised clinical trial. Nutrients. 2022;14(24):5388.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  45. Chen AT, Chibnall JT, Nasrallah HA. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials of omega-3 fatty acid augmentation in schizophrenia: possible stage-specific effects. Ann Clin Psychiatry: Official J Am Acad Clin Psychiatrists. 2015;27(4):289–96.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Peet M, Brind J, Ramchand CN, Shah S, Vankar GK. Two double-blind placebo-controlled pilot studies of eicosapentaenoic acid in the treatment of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Res. 2001;49(3):243–51.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  47. Berger GE, Yuen H, Wood SJ, Brewer W. Ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid in first-episode psychosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry. 2007;68(12):1867–75.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Pawełczyk T, Grancow-Grabka M, Kotlicka-Antczak M, Trafalska E, Pawełczyk A. A randomized controlled study of the efficacy of six-month supplementation with concentrated fish oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in first episode schizophrenia. J Psychiatric Res. 2016;73:34–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  49. Amminger GP, Schäfer MR, Papageorgiou K, Klier CM, Cotton SM, Harrigan SM, et al. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids for indicated prevention of psychotic disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(2)

  50. McGorry PD, Nelson B, Markulev C, Yuen HP, Schäfer MR, Mossaheb N, et al. Effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in young people at ultrahigh risk for psychotic disorders: the NEURAPRO randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2017;74(1):19.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. Cadenhead K, Addington J, Cannon T, Cornblatt B, Mathalon D, McGlashan T, Perkins D, Seidman LJ, Tsuang M, Walker E, Woods S. 23. Omega-3 fatty acid versus placebo in a clinical high-risk sample from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Studies (NAPLS) consortium. Schizophr Bull. 2017;43(Suppl 1):S16. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbx021.042.

    Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  52. Emsley R, Myburgh C, Oosthuizen P, Van Rensburg SJ. Randomized, placebo-controlled study of ethyl-eicosapentaenoic acid as supplemental treatment in schizophrenia. AJP. 2002;159(9):1596–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Jamilian H, Solhi H, Jamilian M. Randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of omega-3 as supplemental treatment in schizophrenia. GJHS. 2014;6(7):103.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Fenton WS, Dickerson F, Boronow J, Hibbeln JR, Knable M. A placebo-controlled trial of omega-3 fatty acid (ethyl eicosapentaenoic acid) supplementation for residual symptoms and cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. AJP. 2001;158(12):2071–4.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  55. Peet M, Horrobin DF. A dose-ranging exploratory study of the effects of ethyl-eicosapentaenoate in patients with persistent schizophrenic symptoms. J Psychiatric Res. 2002;36(1):7–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Emsley R, Niehaus DJH, Koen L, Oosthuizen PP, Turner HJ, Carey P, et al. The effects of eicosapentaenoic acid in tardive dyskinesia: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Schizophrenia Res. 2006;84(1):112–20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Bentsen H, Osnes K, Refsum H, Solberg DK, Bøhmer T. A randomized placebo-controlled trial of an omega-3 fatty acid and vitamins E+C in schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry. 2013;3(12):e335–5.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  58. • Tang W, Wang Y, Xu F, Fan W, Zhang Y, Fan K, et al. Omega-3 fatty acids ameliorate cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome. Brain Behavior Immun. 2020;88:529–34. This study looked at serum vitamin D levels in 40 patients with schizophrenia and found that in those with low levels at baseline, vitamin D replacement led to significantly lower positive and negative symptom scores, as well as improved attention.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  59. Bentsen H, Landrø NI. Neurocognitive effects of an omega-3 fatty acid and vitamins E+C in schizophrenia: a randomised controlled trial. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2018;136:57–66.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Robinson DG, Gallego JA, John M, Hanna LA, Zhang JP, Birnbaum ML, et al. A potential role for adjunctive omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids for depression and anxiety symptoms in recent onset psychosis: results from a 16 week randomized placebo-controlled trial for participants concurrently treated with risperidone. Schizophrenia Res. 2019;204:295–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Qiao Y, Mei Y, Han H, Liu F, Yang XM, Shao Y, et al. Effects of omega-3 in the treatment of violent schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Res. 2018;195:283–5.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  62. Qiao Y, Liu CP, Han HQ, Liu FJ, Shao Y, Xie B. No impact of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation on symptoms or hostility among patients with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry. 2020;21(11):312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. • Neriman A, Hakan Y, Ozge U. The psychotropic effect of vitamin D supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms. BMC Psychiatry. 2021;21(1):309. This 12-week randomized placebo-controlled trial of 72 patients with schziophrenia and metabolic syndrome on long-term olanzapine therapy randomized to either adjunct omega-3 fatty acids or placebo found that omega-3 fatty acid supplementation was correlated with enhanced delayed recall as well as reductions in inflammatory cytokines.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  64. Allott K, McGorry PD, Yuen HP, Firth J, Proffitt TM, Berger G, et al. The vitamins in psychosis study: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the effects of vitamins B12, B6, and folic acid on symptoms and neurocognition in first-episode psychosis. Biol Psychiatry. 2019;86(1):35–44.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  65. Roffman JL, Petruzzi LJ, Tanner AS, Brown HE, Eryilmaz H, Ho NF, et al. Biochemical, physiological and clinical effects of l-methylfolate in schizophrenia: a randomized controlled trial. Mol Psychiatry. 2018;23(2):316–22.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Deslippe AL, Soanes A, Bouchaud CC, Beckenstein H, Slim M, Plourde H, et al. Barriers and facilitators to diet, physical activity and lifestyle behavior intervention adherence: a qualitative systematic review of the literature. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2023;20(1):1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  67. Teasdale SB, Samaras K, Wade T, Jarman R, Ward PB. A review of the nutritional challenges experienced by people living with severe mental illness: a role for dietitians in addressing physical health gaps. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2017;30(5):545–53.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  68. Powell LM, Slater S, Mirtcheva D, Bao Y, Chaloupka FJ. Food store availability and neighborhood characteristics in the United States. Prev Medi. 2007;44(3):189–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Ohri-Vachaspati P, DeWeese RS, Acciai F, DeLia D, Tulloch D, Tong D, et al. Healthy food access in low-income high-minority communities: a longitudinal assessment—2009–2017. IJERPH. 2019;16(13):2354.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  70. Cai J, Wei Z, Chen M, He L, Wang H, Li M, et al. Socioeconomic status, individual behaviors and risk for mental disorders: a Mendelian randomization study. Eur Psychiatr. 2022;65(1):e28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  71. Luo Y, Zhang L, He P, Pang L, Guo C, Zheng X. Individual-level and area-level socioeconomic status (SES) and schizophrenia: cross-sectional analyses using the evidence from 1.9 million Chinese adults. BMJ Open. 2019;9(9):e026532.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Sweeney S, Air T, Zannettino L, Galletly C. Psychosis, socioeconomic disadvantage, and health service use in South Australia: findings from the Second Australian National Survey of Psychosis. Front Public Health [Internet]. 2015; Available from: http://journal.frontiersin.org/Article/10.3389/fpubh.2015.00259/abstract

  73. Clarke CA, Hauser ME. Lifestyle medicine: a primary care perspective. J Grad Med Educ. 2016;8(5):665–7.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  74. Barrett S, Begg S, O’Halloran P, Kingsley M. Integrated motivational interviewing and cognitive behaviour therapy for lifestyle mediators of overweight and obesity in community-dwelling adults: a systematic review and meta-analyses. BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):1160.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Hardcastle SJ, Taylor AH, Bailey MP, Harley RA, Hagger MS. Effectiveness of a motivational interviewing intervention on weight loss, physical activity and cardiovascular disease risk factors: a randomised controlled trial with a 12-month post-intervention follow-up. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013;10(1):40.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  76. Burrows TL. Mental health is EVERY dietitian’s business! Nutr Dietetics. 2022;79(3):276–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Teasdale SB, Latimer G, Byron A, Schuldt V, Pizzinga J, Plain J, et al. Expanding collaborative care: integrating the role of dietitians and nutrition interventions in services for people with mental illness. Australas Psychiatry. 2018;26(1):47–9.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 55 Wade Ave, Catonsville, Baltimore, MD, 21228, USA

    Stephanie S. Kulaga & Deanna L. Kelly

Authors
  1. Stephanie S. Kulaga
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Deanna L. Kelly
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

S. S. K. and D. L. K. wrote the main manuscript text and S. S. K. prepared Fig. 1 and Table 1. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Stephanie S. Kulaga.

Ethics declarations

Ethical Approval

All reported studies/experiments with human or animal subjects performed by the authors have been previously published and complied with all applicable ethical standards (including the Helsinki Declaration and its amendments, institutional/national research committee standards, and international/national/institutional guidelines).

Competing Interests

Dr. Deanna L. Kelly has served on advisory boards for Alkermes, Janssen, and Teva.

Additional information

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Kulaga, S.S., Kelly, D.L. Nutrition in the Treatment of Schizophrenia: Rationale and Review of Recent Evidence. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 10, 49–57 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-023-00259-2

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40473-023-00259-2

Keywords

Search

Navigation