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Outdoor Air Pollution, Environmental Injustice, and Cognitive Decline: a Review

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Abstract

Purpose of Review

Incidence of dementia is higher in Black and Hispanic populations and those with less education. Air pollution has been proposed as a plausible risk factor. We discuss reports on ambient pollution and cognitive decline and the importance of investigations in marginalized populations, and recommend areas for future research.

Recent Findings

Most studies were conducted in the USA and focused on residential exposures over ≥ 1 year. Although most dementia studies used medical records to ascertain outcomes, many studies of cognitive impairment were based on self- or proxy-reported symptoms. Several studies showed differences in associations by income and education, but results by race/ethnicity were conflicting.

Summary

Trends suggests that research on air pollution and cognitive decline is increasingly considering disparities in exposures and assessment. Future research should incorporate measures of cognitive function instead of diagnostic records to address disparities in timing of assessments and examine longitudinal associations between air pollution and cognitive decline.

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Data Availability

The data generated by this review are provided in the supplemental material.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Lori Rosman, Lead Informationist at the Welch Medical Library, for her assistance in selecting our search terms and compiling all the references for our literature review. We also thank student interns Shudi Pan, Jaemie Bennett, and Harim Song for initial literature screening and Kamran Eslami for compiling citation information for our interactive figure. No authors received compensation for their participation in this project.

Funding

This work was supported by the Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions (U54MD000214). Tara Jenson is partially supported by the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (TL1TR001437). Dr. Dickerson is partially supported by funds from the National Institute of Environmental Health Science (K01ES032046: PI, Dickerson), an Administrative Supplement to Existing NIH Grants from the National Institute on Aging (3K02AG059140-03S1), and Bloomberg Philanthropies through the Bloomberg American Health Initiative at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Dr. Thorpe was supported by the National Institute on Aging (P30AG059298 and K02AG059140).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Aisha S. Dickerson, Seth Frndak & Verné Qaanaaq Boerner

  2. Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Aisha S. Dickerson & Roland J. Thorpe Jr

  3. Center on Aging and Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Aisha S. Dickerson

  4. Department of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Irena Gorski-Steiner

  5. Department of Urology, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA

    Zhengyi Deng

  6. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53205, USA

    Tara E. Jenson

  7. Department of Health, Behavior, and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Ankita Mohan & Roland J. Thorpe Jr

  8. Department of Public Health Studies, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA

    Jake Kim

  9. Johns Hopkins Alzheimer’s Disease Resource Center for Minority Aging Research, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA

    Roland J. Thorpe Jr

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Dickerson, A.S., Frndak, S., Gorski-Steiner, I. et al. Outdoor Air Pollution, Environmental Injustice, and Cognitive Decline: a Review. Curr Epidemiol Rep 10, 158–167 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40471-023-00326-y

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