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Ducted fuel injection: Numerical study of soot formation and oxidation using detailed soot modeling approach in a compression ignition engine at different loads

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Abstract

The ducted fuel injection strategy is an innovative method that significantly prevents soot formation in direct injection compression ignition engines. This method is based on the injection of the fuel directly into the combustion chamber through the tube placed in front of the injector hole. The fuel mixes with air inside the duct before ignition. Thus, the formation of soot can be prevented by reducing the local equivalence ratio in the lift-off length in the combustion chamber. In this study, the implementation of the duct geometry to the compression ignition engine was evaluated in-cylinder flow and emission formation. The duct geometry was adopted for the test engine. The effects of the ducted fuel injection (DFI) on the combustion and performance of a compression ignition diesel engine were investigated. Conventional diesel combustion (CDC) and DFI system at low (25%), medium (50%), and high (75%) loads were compared in terms of performance, combustion, and emission using an experimentally validated engine model. Particle size mimic (PSM) detailed soot mechanism was used in the CFD model in order to solve the complex soot formation and oxidation with detailed chemistry. Compared to CDC, the DFI method reduces soot emissions up to 67%. In addition, the DFI strategy decreases CO and HC emissions up to 39% and 26%, respectively. With this innovative method, it has been observed that exhaust emissions are reduced without compromising engine performance.

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Abbreviations

AMR:

Adaptive mesh refinement

ATDC:

After top dead center

BDC:

Bottom dead center

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTDC:

Before top dead center

CA:

Crank angle

CA50:

Crank angle position at which 50% of the heat is released

CA90:

Crank angle position at which 90% of the heat is released

CDC:

Conventional diesel combustion

CFD:

Computational fluid dynamics

CI:

Compression ignition

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CVCV:

Constant volume combustion vessel

D:

Inner diameter of the duct

DFI:

Ducted fuel injection

DPF:

Diesel particulate filter

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

EVO:

Exhaust valve opening

G:

Axial distance from the injector to the duct inlet

HC:

Hydrocarbon

HCCI:

Homogeneous charge compression ignition

HRR:

Heat release rate

HTPV:

High-temperature–pressure vessel

ICE:

Internal combustion engine

ID:

Ignition delay

IMEP:

Indicated mean effective pressure

IVC:

Intake valve closing

L:

The duct length

LLFC:

Leaner lifted flame combustion

LNT:

Lean NOX trap

LOL:

Lift-off length

LTC:

Low temperature combustion

NOX :

Nitrogen oxides

NTC:

No time counter

O2 :

Oxygen

PFP:

Peak firing pressure

PM:

Particulate matter

PPC:

Partially premixed combustion

PSM:

Particle size mimic

PSDF:

Particle size distribution function

RANS:

Reynold averaged Navier–Stokes

RCCI:

Reactivity controlled compression ignition

RNG:

Re-normalization group

SCR:

Selective catalytic reduction

SI:

Spark-ignited

SOI:

Start of injection

TDC:

Top dead center

TKE:

Turbulent kinetic energy

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Acknowledgements

The author thanks Convergent Science Inc. for providing the Converge license.

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  1. Department of Electronics and Automation, Batman University, Batman, 72100, Turkey

    Ramazan Şener

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Şener, R. Ducted fuel injection: Numerical study of soot formation and oxidation using detailed soot modeling approach in a compression ignition engine at different loads. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 44, 45 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-021-03356-z

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