Abstract
In the present study, hybrid glass/basalt fiber composites containing nanographene (GnP) were manufactured for investigation of low velocity impact properties at the impact energy of 30 J. Also, their flexural and tensile properties were experimentally characterized. During the experiments, both laminate configurations as basalt and glass at outer and inner skins were treated for impact and mechanical tests. Failure mechanisms were analyzed with taking photographs over the front and rear sides of the samples and SEM observations on the impacted region after the impact tests. Results from this study indicated that incorporation of GnP at 0.1 wt% revealed a significant improvement in impact and mechanical properties indicating the better load transfer between GnP-matrix resin–fiber interactions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Sevkat E, Liaw B, Delale F, Raju BB (2009) Drop-weight impact of plain-woven hybrid glass–graphite/toughened epoxy composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPOSITESA.2009.04.028
Bunea M, Cîrciumaru A, Buciumeanu M, Bîrsan IG, Silva FS (2019) Low velocity impact response of fabric reinforced hybrid composites with stratified filled epoxy matrix. Compos Sci Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.COMPSCITECH.2018.11.024
Doğan NF, Bulut M, Erkliğ A, Bozkurt ÖY (2019) Mechanical and low velocity impact characterization of carbon/glass hybrid composites with graphene nanoplatelets. Mater Res Express. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ab1c03
Alsaadi M, Erkliğ A, Alrawi H (2017) Effect of S-glass fabric on the mechanical characteristics of a hybrid carbon/aramid fabric reinforced epoxy composites. Mater Res Express. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aa6bab
Bozkurt ÖY, Özbek Ö, Abdo AR (2017) The effects of nanosilica on Charpy impact behavior of glass/epoxy fiber reinforced composite laminates. Period Eng Nat Sci 5(3)
Šupová M, Martynková GS, Barabaszová K (2011) Effect of nanofillers dispersion in polymer matrices: a review. Sci Adv Mater. 3:1–25
Liang J, Wang Y, Huang Y, Ma Y, Liu Z, Cai J et al (2009) Electromagnetic interference shielding of graphene/epoxy composites. Carbon N Y 47:922–925
Shin MK, Lee B, Kim SH, Lee JA, Spinks GM, Gambhir S et al (2012) Synergistic toughening of composite fibres by self-alignment of reduced graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes. Nat Commun 3:650
Plyushch A, Macutkevic J, Kuzhir P, Banys J, Bychanok D, Lambin P et al (2016) Electromagnetic properties of graphene nanoplatelets/epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 128:75–83
Ahmad SR, Xue C, Young RJ (2017) The mechanisms of reinforcement of polypropylene by graphene nanoplatelets. Mater Sci Eng B 216:2–9
Goswami M, Sumpter BG (2009) Effect of polymer-filler interaction strengths on the thermodynamic and dynamic properties of polymer nanocomposites. J Chem Phys 130:134910
Mittal G, Dhand V, Rhee KY, Park S-J, Lee WR (2015) A review on carbon nanotubes and graphene as fillers in reinforced polymer nanocomposites. J Ind Eng Chem 21:11–25
Zhao D, Jiang Y, Ding Y, Zhu G, Zheng J (2018) Polymer/carbon nanotubes nanocomposites: relationship between interfacial adhesion and performance of nanocomposites. J Mater Sci 53:10160–10172
Li Y, Wang S, Wang Q, Xing M (2018) Enhancement of fracture properties of polymer composites reinforced by carbon nanotubes: a molecular dynamics study. Carbon N Y 129:504–509
Poland CA, Duffin R, Kinloch I, Maynard A, Wallace WAH, Seaton A et al (2008) Carbon nanotubes introduced into the abdominal cavity of mice show asbestos-like pathogenicity in a pilot study. Nat Nanotechnol 3:423
King JA, Klimek DR, Miskioglu I, Odegard GM (2013) Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet/epoxy composites. J Appl Polym Sci 128:4217–4223
Feng C, Kitipornchai S, Yang J (2017) Nonlinear bending of polymer nanocomposite beams reinforced with non-uniformly distributed graphene platelets (GPLs). Compos Part B Eng 110:132–140
Lee S-E, Choi O, Hahn HT (2008) Microwave properties of graphite nanoplatelet/epoxy composites. J Appl Phys 104:33705
Kim SY, Noh YJ, Yu J (2015) Thermal conductivity of graphene nanoplatelets filled composites fabricated by solvent-free processing for the excellent filler dispersion and a theoretical approach for the composites containing the geometrized fillers. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 69:219–225
Chatterjee S, Nafezarefi F, Tai NH, Schlagenhauf L, Nüesch FA, Chu BTT (2012) Size and synergy effects of nanofiller hybrids including graphene nanoplatelets and carbon nanotubes in mechanical properties of epoxy composites. Carbon N Y 50:5380–5386
Hadden CM, Klimek-McDonald DR, Pineda EJ, King JA, Reichanadter AM, Miskioglu I et al (2015) Mechanical properties of graphene nanoplatelet/carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composites: multiscale modeling and experiments. Carbon N Y 95:100–112
Bulut M (2017) Mechanical characterization of Basalt/epoxy composite laminates containing graphene nanopellets. Compos Part B Eng 122:71–78
Chen C, Gu Y, Wang S, Zhang Z, Li M, Zhang Z (2017) Fabrication and characterization of structural/dielectric three-phase composite: continuous basalt fiber reinforced epoxy resin modified with graphene nanoplates. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 94:199–208
ASTM D638-03. (2008) Standard test method for tensile properties of plastics. Current edition approved Apr 1, pp 1–16
ASTM Standard D790-07 Standard (1997) Standard test method for flexural properties of unreinforced and reinforced plastics and electrical insulation materials. In: American Society for Testing and Materials
ASTM D7136/D7136M-15 (2015) Standard test method for measuring the damage resistance of a fiber-reinforced polymer matrix composite to a drop-weight impact event
Zaman I, Kuan H-C, Dai J, Kawashima N, Michelmore A, Sovi A et al (2012) From carbon nanotubes and silicate layers to graphene platelets for polymer nanocomposites. Nanoscale 4:4578–4586
Rafiee MA, Rafiee J, Wang Z, Song H, Yu Z-Z, Koratkar N (2009) Enhanced mechanical properties of nanocomposites at low graphene content. ACS Nano 3:3884–3890
Desai T, Keblinski P, Kumar SK (2005) Molecular dynamics simulations of polymer transport in nanocomposites. J Chem Phys 122:134910
Eskizeybek V, Ulus H, Kaybal HB, Şahin ÖS, Avcı A (2018) Static and dynamic mechanical responses of CaCO3 nanoparticle modified epoxy/carbon fiber nanocomposites. Compos B Eng 140:223–231
Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Valente M, Ferrante L, Cioffi S, Iannace S et al (2013) Hybrid composites based on aramid and basalt woven fabrics: impact damage modes and residual flexural properties. Mater Des 49:290–302
Reddy TS, Reddy PRS, Madhu V (2017) Response of E-glass/epoxy and Dyneema® composite laminates subjected to low and high velocity impact. Procedia Eng 173:278–285
Jang BZ, Chen LC, Wang CZ, Lin HT, Zee RH (1989) Impact resistance and energy absorption mechanisms in hybrid composites. Compos Sci Technol 34:305–335
Fiore V, Di Bella G, Valenza A (2011) Glass–basalt/epoxy hybrid composites for marine applications. Mater Des 32:2091–2099
Sarasini F, Tirillò J, Valente M, Valente T, Cioffi S, Iannace S et al (2013) Effect of basalt fiber hybridization on the impact behavior under low impact velocity of glass/basalt woven fabric/epoxy resin composites. Compos Part A Appl Sci Manuf 47:109–123
Ulus H, Şahin ÖS, Avcı A (2015) Enhancement of flexural and shear properties of carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid nanocomposites by boron nitride nano particles and carbon nano tube modification. Fibers Polym 16(12):2627–2635
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Technical Editor: João Marciano Laredo dos Reis.
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Erkliğ, A., Doğan, N.F. Nanographene inclusion effect on the mechanical and low velocity impact response of glass/basalt reinforced epoxy hybrid nanocomposites. J Braz. Soc. Mech. Sci. Eng. 42, 83 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-2168-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40430-019-2168-y