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Concentrations, sources, and influential factors of water-soluble ions of atmospheric particles in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, a world heritage site in China

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Abstract

Atmospheric particle pollution is one of the major factors leading to degradation of ancient wall paintings, particularly heritage sites in arid and semi-arid regions. However, current systematic research on the changes, sources, and influential factors of atmospheric particulate matter and its water-soluble ion concentrations is not sufficient. Thus, the major water-soluble ion concentrations, sources, and influential factors of atmospheric particles PM2.5 and PM10 (particulate matter with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter ≤2.5 and 10.0 µm, respectively, in ambient air) were collected from Cave 16 and its ambient exterior environment in the Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, China, between April 2015 and March 2016. Results showed that the concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 inside and outside the cave were the highest in March 2016 and the lowest in December 2015. The higher particle concentration from March to May was related to the frequent occurrence of sand and dust events, and the lower particle concentration from June to September was associated with good diffusion conditions, increased precipitation, and an established cave shelterbelt. The concentration of particulate matter inside the cave was affected by the concentration of particles in the air outside the cave. Ca2+, NH +4 , Na+, Cl−, and SO 2−4 were the main components of the total ions of PM2.5 and PM10 both inside and outside the cave. The total ions inside the cave were frequently affected by the disturbance of tourists’ activities during the peak tourist season from May to August. Under the influence of dust, the total concentrations of Cl−, SO 2−4 , Na+, NH +4 , and Ca2+ in particles of different sizes inside and outside the cave increased, and the concentrations of Cl−, SO 2−4 , Na+, and Ca2+ decreased during precipitation period. Backward air mass trajectory analysis suggested that the pollutants were mainly from Xinjiang, China. The pollutant sources of air particulates are straw burning, secondary pollution sources, soil dust, dry spring rivers, and tourist activities.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51962001, 32260292), the National Key Research & Development Projects (2020YFC1522200), and the Gansu Provincial Science and Technology Plan Project (20JR5RA051, 21YF1FF371). The authors also thank the anonymous reviewers and the editor who helped to improve the quality of this paper.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Research Center for Conservation of Ancient Wall Paintings and Earthen Sites, Dunhuang Academy, Dunhuang, 736200, China

    Xiaoju Yang, Fasi Wu, Ruihong Xu, Zhengmo Zhang, Ping Xue & Wanfu Wang

  2. Gansu Provincial Research Center for Conservation of Dunhang Cultural Heritage, Dunhuang, 736200, China

    Xiaoju Yang, Fasi Wu, Ruihong Xu, Zhengmo Zhang, Ping Xue & Wanfu Wang

  3. Naiman Desertification Research Station/Urat Desert-Grassland Research Station, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China

    Xiaoju Yang & Xueyong Zhao

  4. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Xiaoju Yang

  5. Chinese Academy of Cultural Heritage, Beijing, 100049, China

    Na Li

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  1. Xiaoju Yang
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Yang, X., Wu, F., Xu, R. et al. Concentrations, sources, and influential factors of water-soluble ions of atmospheric particles in Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes, a world heritage site in China. J. Arid Land 14, 1395–1412 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-022-0036-6

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