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Association of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms on the susceptibility of diabetic retinopathy in the Bangladeshi population

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Abstract

Objectives

This study investigated the role of glutathione-S-transferase gene (GSTM1 and GSTT1) polymorphisms in the predisposition of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with or without diabetic retinopathy (DR).

Methods

The case-control study included 188 subjects: 50 T2DM with DR, 63 T2DM without DR, and 75 healthy individuals’ presenting no clinical signs or evidence of diabetes mellitus. Zinc and magnesium levels were measured using a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer, and the lipid profile was evaluated using standard methods. The gene polymorphism of GSTs was performed by the multiplex-PCR method.

Results

Compared to the control, DR and T2DM had considerably greater total cholesterol, LDL-C, and decreased HDL-C levels. Magnesium levels were significantly lower in DR and T2DM than in control. Total cholesterol, LDL, TG, and magnesium levels didn’t differ significantly between DR and T2DM groups. In DR, the GSTT1-null genotype was more prevalent than in T2DM subjects and controls (26.0%, 12.7%, and 10.7%, respectively). GSTT1-null genotype was considerably more common in DR than in controls and associated with 2.94-folds enhancing the chance of developing DR (OR = 2.94; 95% CI = 1.12–7.75; p = 0.02). However, the recurrence of GSTM1-null genotype was not clearly distinguishable among these three populations (28.0%, 38.1% and 29.3%, respectively) and not particularly prone to the risk of DR compared to T2DM subjects and controls (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.28–1.41; p = 0.26; OR = 0.94; 95% CI = 0.42–2.07; p = 0.87, respectively).

Conclusions

Taken together, these findings suggest the potential role of GSTT1 deletion mutation as a risk factor for the vulnerability of DR among T2DM patients in the Bangladeshi population.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank all study subjects, physicians, and nurses for providing and collecting blood samples. Also, thanks Md. Mehedi Hasan and Md Bayejid Hosen of the Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department of the University of Dhaka, and Dr. Shah Noor Hassan of the Department of Ophthalmology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Primeasia University, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Tafriha E Tasdika & Yearul Kabir

  2. Department of Ophthalmology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Nuzhat Choudhury

  3. Department of Ophthalmology, Bangladesh Institute of Health Sciences (BIHS), Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Q. M. Iqbal Hossain

  4. Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh

    Yearul Kabir

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  1. Tafriha E Tasdika
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Contributions

Tafriha E Tasdika implemented the study by designing, collecting and analysis the data as well written the draft manuscript. Md. Nuzhat Choudhury and Q. M. Iqbal Hossain helped in sample collection from hospitals, data interpretation and management. Yearul Kabir helps in implementation, results interpretation and reviewing the manuscript. The final manuscript read and approved by all authors.

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Correspondence to Yearul Kabir.

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All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

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Tasdika, T.E., Choudhury, N., Hossain, Q.M.I. et al. Association of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms on the susceptibility of diabetic retinopathy in the Bangladeshi population. J Diabetes Metab Disord 22, 325–332 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40200-022-01142-9

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