Abstract
Based on the view of plant basic metabolism, the mechanism of different forms of silicon on reducing wheat aphid density was discussed to provide scientific basis for ecological regulation of wheat aphids in the field. Five treatments were applied: Control, Nano-silicon, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), Na2SiO3 and K2SiO3. Solution culture experiment was conducted to set up five spraying silicon treatments (Control, Nano-silicon, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), Na2SiO3 and K2SiO3) to carry out aphid infestation when wheat has five expanded leaves. The density of aphids was surveyed and the wheat samples were collected, respectively, at the 4th and 8th day after the aphid infestation, and the effects of different forms of silicon on the contents of free amino acids, soluble proteins, soluble sugars and silicon in wheat leaves after aphid infestation were analyzed. The density of aphids on wheat plants treated with different forms of silicon was significantly lower than that of Control 4 days and 8 days after aphid infestation, and TEOS treatment had the lowest density of wheat aphids. On the 4th and 8th day of aphid infestation, compared with Control treatment, the contents of free amino acid and soluble protein in wheat plants sprayed with silicon treatment were significantly reduced, the contents of soluble sugar and leaf silicon were significantly increased, and TEOS treatment had the most obvious effect. After the 4th and 8th day of aphid infestation, the contents of free amino acid and soluble protein were, respectively, reduced by 45.16 and 78.16%, the contents of soluble protein were, respectively, reduced by 48.82 and 95.26%, the contents of soluble sugar were, respectively, increased by 18.50 and 36.69%, and the contents of leaf silicon were, respectively, increased by 69.05 and 77.05%. The results of correlation analysis showed that the density of wheat aphids was significantly positively correlated with the contents of free amino acids and soluble protein, and significantly negatively correlated with the contents of soluble sugar and silicon in leaves 4 and 8 days after aphid infestation. Spraying different forms of silicon (silicon content 3 mmol L−1) could reduce wheat aphid density, of which TEOS treatment had the best effect. Silicon could improve wheat aphid resistance by increasing the content of silicon and soluble sugar, and by reducing the content of free amino acids and soluble proteins in wheat leaves.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- TEOS:
-
Tetraethyl orthosilicate
References
Agrawal AA, Janssen A, Bruin J, Posthumus MA (2002) An ecological cost of plant defence: attractiveness of bitter cucumber plants to natural enemies of herbivores. Ecol Lett 5(3):377–385
Arditti J, Dunn A (1969) Experimental plant physiology: experiments in cellular and plant. Physiology 37(10):235–237
Bass C, Denholm L, Williamson M, Nauen R (2015) The global status of insect resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides. Pestic Biochem Physiol 121:78–87
Behmer ST (2009) Insect herbivore nutrient regulation. Ann Rev Entomol 54(1):165–187
Bocharnikova EA, Bocharnikova E, Pakhnenko E, Matychenkov V, Matychenkov I (2014) The effect of optimization of silicon nutrition on the stability of barley DNA. Mosc Univ Soil Sci Bull 69(2):84–87
Bradford MM (1976) A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Anal Biochem 72(1–2):248–254
Bu RF, Xiao XM, Liao WB, Hu YF, Li J, Lv J, Wang RD, Xie JM (2017) Exogenous Si alleviation of autotoxicity in Cucumber, Cucumis sativus L. seed germination is correlated with changes in carbohydrate metabolism. J Plant Groeth Regul 37(3):784–793
Cao B, Cao BL, Wang LL, Gao S, Xia J, Xu K (2017) Silicon-mediated changes in radial hydraulic conductivity and cell wall stability are involved in silicon-induced drought resistance in tomato. Protoplasma 254(6):2295–2304
Chaieb I, Zarrad K, Sellam R, Tayeb W, Ben HA, Laarif A, Bouhachem S (2017) Chemical composition and aphicidal potential of citrus aurantium peel essential oils. Entomol Gen 37(1):63–75
Daniel AR, Oliveiro GF, Paulo M (2006) Phenol contents, oxidase activities, and the resistance of coffee to the leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella. J Chem Ecol 32(9):1977–1988
Dedryver CA, Ralec AL, Fabre F (2010) The conflicting relationships between aphids and men: a review of aphid damage and control strategies. C R Biol 333(6–7):539–553
Dias PAS (2014) Induction of resistance by silicon in wheat plants to alate and apterous morphs of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Ann Entomol Soc Am 43(4):949–956
Dogimont C, Bendahmane A, Chovelon V, Boissot N (2010) Host plant resistance to aphids in cultivated crops: genetic and molecular bases, and interactions with aphid populations. Cr Biol 333(6–7):566–573
Douglas AE (2003) The nutritional physiology of aphids. Adv Insect Physiol 31:73–140
Douglas AE (2006) Phloem-sap feeding by animals: problems and solutions. Exp Bot 57(4):747–754
Douglas MR, Rohr JR, Tooker JF, Kaplan I (2014) Neonicotinoid insecticide travels through a soil food chain, disrupting biological control of non-target pests and decreasing soya bean yield. J Appl Ecol 52(1):250–260
Fauteux F, Chain F, Belzile F, Menzies JG, Bélanger RR (2006) The protective role of silicon in the arabidopsis-powdery mildew pathosystem. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103(46):17554–17559
Gomes FB, Moraes JC, dos Santos CD, Antunes CS (2008) Use of silicon as inductor of the resistance in potato to Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Neotrop Entomol 37(2):185–190
Goulson D, Nicholls E, Botías C, Rotheray EL (2015) Bee declines driven by combined stress from parasites, pesticides, and lack of flowers. Science 347(6229):1255957–1255957
Goussain MM, Prado E, de Moraes JC (2005) Effect of silicon applied to wheat plants on the biology and probing behaviour of the Greenbug Schizaphis graminum (Rond.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Neotrop Entomol 34(5):807–813
Hajiboland R, Cheraghvareh L, Poschenrieder C (2017) Improvement of drought tolerance in Tobacco (Nicotiana rustica L.) plants by silicon. J Plant Nutr 40(12):1661–1676
Han Y, Lei WB, Wen LZ, Hou ML (2015) Silicon-mediated resistance in a susceptible rice variety to the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). PLoS ONE 10(4):e0120557
Han Y, Wang Y, Bi JL, Yang XQ, Huang Y, Zhao X, Hu Y, Cai QN (2009) Constitutive and induced activities of defense-related enzymes in aphid-resistant and aphid-susceptible cultivars of wheat. J Chem Ecol 35(2):176–182
Han YQ, Li P, Gong SL, Yang L, Wen LZ, Hou ML (2016) Defense responses in rice induced by silicon amendment against infestation by the leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis. PLoS ONE 11(4):e0153918
Hanson AA, James MA, Celia S, Robert KL, Bruce PD, Ian MRV, Hodgson EW (2017) Evidence for soybean aphid (Hemiptera: Aphididae) resistance to pyrethroid insecticides in the upper Midwestern United States. J Econ Entomol 110(5):2235–2246
Hao LX, Han YQ, Hou ML, Liao XL (2008) Resistance of japonica rice varieties in Liaohe valley to chilo suppressalis and its underlying mechanisms. Acta Ecol Sinica 28(12):5987–5993
Hou ML, Han YQ (2010) Silicon-mediated rice plant resistance to asiatic Rice Borer (Lepidoptera: Crambidae): effects of silicon amendment and rice varietal resistance. J Econ Entomol 103(4):1412–1419
Howe GA, Jander G (2008) Plant immunity to insect herbivores. Annu Rev Plant Biol 59(1):41–66
Izaguirre-mayoral ML, Brito M, Baral B, Garrido MJ (2017) Silicon and nitrate differentially modulate the symbiotic performances of healthy and virus-infected bradyrhizobium-Nodulated cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), Yardlong Bean, V. unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis. and Mung Bean (V. radiata). Plants 6(4):40–55
Jeong KJ, Chon YS, Ha SH, Kang HK, Yun JG (2012) Silicon application on standard chrysanthemum alleviates damages induced by disease and aphid insect. Kor J Hort Sci Technol 30(1):21–26
Karban R (2010) The ecology and evolution of induced resistance against herbivores. Funct Ecol 25(2):339–347
Kerchev PI, Fenton B, Foyer CH, Hancock RD (2012) Plant responses to insect herbivory: interactions between photosynthesis, reactive oxygen species and hormonal signalling pathways. Plant Cell Environ 35(2):441–453
Korndörfer AP, Grisoto E, Vendramim JD (2011) Induction of insect plant resistance to the spittlebug Mahanarva fimbriolata Stal (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in sugarcane by silicon application. Neotrop Entomol 40(3):387–392
Kvedaras OL, Keeping MG (2007) Silicon impedes stalk penetration by the borer eldana saccharina in sugarcane. Entomol Exp Appl 125(1):103–110
Laane HM (2018) The effects of foliar sprays with different silicon compounds. Plants 7(2):45–67
Liang YC, Nikolic M, Bélanger R, Gong HJ, Song A (2015) Silicon and insect pest resistance. Silicon Agric 10:197–207
Ma JF, Yamaji J (2006) Silicon uptake and accumulation in higher plants. Trends Plant Sci 11(8):392–397
Morkunas I, Gmerek J (2007) The possible involvement of peroxidase in defence of yellow lupine embryo axes against Fusarium oxysporum. Plant Physiol 164(2):185–194
Morkunas I, Ratajczak L (2014) The role of sugar signalling in plant defense response against fungal pathogens. Acta Physiol Plant 36(7):1607–1619
Nachappa P, Culkin CT, Saya PM, Han JL, Nalam VJ (2016) Water stress modulates soybean aphid performance, feeding behavior, and virus transmission in soybean. Front Plant Sci 7:552
Pierson LM, Heng-Moss TM, Reese JC (2010) Physiological responses of resistant and susceptible reproductive stage soybean to Soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura feeding. Arthropod-Plant Interact 5(1):49–58
Pompon J, Quiring D, Goyer C, Giordanengo P, Pelletier Y (2011) A phloem-sap feeder mixes phloem and xylem sap to regulate osmotic potential. J Insect Physiol 57(9):1317–1322
Qin L, Kang WH, Qi YL, Zhang ZW, Wang N (2016) The influence of silicon application on growth and photosynthesis response of salt stressed Grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.). Acta Physiol Plant 38(3):68
Regan K, Ordosch D, Glover KD, Tilmon KJ, Szczepaniec A (2017) Effects of a pyrethroid and two neonicotinoid insecticides on population dynamics of key pests of soybean and abundance of their natural enemies. Crop Prot 98:24–32
Sidhu JK, Stout MJ, Blouin DC, Datnoff LE (2013) Effect of silicon soil amendment on performance of sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) on rice. Bull Entomol Res 103(6):656–664
Simon JC, Peccoud J (2018) Rapid evolution of aphid pests in agricultural environments. Curr Opin Insect Sci 26:17–24
Smith CM, Chuang WP (2014) Plant resistance to aphid feeding: behavioral, physiological, genetic and molecular cues regulate aphid host selection and feeding. Pest Manag Sci 70(4):528–540
Tellovasquez PAT, Fodilzuily V, Silva JB (1990) Electrolyte and Pi leakages and soluble sugar content as physiological tests for screening resistance to water stress in phaseolus and vigna species. J Exp Bot 41(7):827–832
Van der Vorm PDJ (1987) Dry ashing of plant material and dissolution of the ash in HF for the colorimetric determination of silicon. Commun Soil Sci Plan Anal 18(11):1181–1189
Victoria FO, Susana SM, Jos ZV, Georg J, Jos L (2018) Changes in the free amino acid composition of Capsicum annuum (pepper) leaves in response to Myzus persicae (green peach aphid) infestation A comparison with water stress. PLoS ONE 13(6):1–19
Völkl W, Mackauer M, Pell JK, Brodeur J (2007) Predators, parasitoids and pathogens. In: van emden HF, Harrington R (eds) Aphids as crop pests. CABI, vol 8, pp 187–233
Wang QX, Xu L, Wu JC (2008) Physical and biochemical mechanisms of resistance of different rice varieties to the rice leaf folder, Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Acta Entomol Sinica 51(12):1265–1270
War AR, Paulraj MG, Ahmad T, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ignacimuthu S, Sharma HC (2012) Mechanisms of plant defense against insect herbivores. Plant Signal Behav 7(10):1306–1320
Wilkinson T, Ashford D, Pritchard J, Douglas A (1997) Honeydew sugars and osmoregulation in the pea aphid acyrthosiphon pisum. J Exp Biol 200(15):2137–2143
Winters AL, Janet DL, Raymond J, Roger JM (2002) Evaluation of a rapid method for estimating free amino acids in silages. Anim Feed Sci Tech 99(1–4):177–187
Wu XY, Yu YG, Baerson SR, Song YY, Liang GH, Ding CH, Niu JB, Pan ZQ, Zeng RS (2017) Interactions between nitrogen and silicon in rice and their effects on resistance toward the brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens. Front Plant Sci 8:28
Xu J, Wang QX, Wu JC (2010) Resistance of cultivated rice varieties to Cnaphalocrocis medinalis (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae). J Econ Entomol 103(4):1166–1171
Ye M, Song YY, Long J, Wang RL, Baerson SR, Pan ZQ, Zhu-Salzman K, Xie JF, Cai KZ, Luo SM (2013) Priming of jasmonate-mediated antiherbivore defense responses in rice by silicon. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110(38):3631–3639
Zhan LP, Peng DL, Wang XL, Kong LA, Peng H, Liu SM, Liu Y, Huang WK (2018) Priming effect of root-applied silicon on the enhancement of induced resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne graminicola in rice. BMC Plant Biol 18(1):50
Zhou SQ, Lou YR, Tzin V (2015) Alteration of plant primary metabolism in response to insect herbivory. Plant Physiol 169(3):1488–1498
Zhu YX, Guo J, Feng R, Jia JH, Han WH, Gong HJ (2016) The regulatory role of silicon on carbohydrate metabolism in Cucumis sativus L. under salt stress. Plant Soil 406(1–2):231–249
Funding
This work was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2017YFD0200605), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant 2018YFD0200600).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
YJ, HL, YLH and YW conceived and designed the experiments. XXQ, ZHW and XDL performed the experiments. XXQ analyzed the data. YJ and XXQ wrote the paper.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Ying Jiang and Xiu-Xiu Qi equally contributed to this paper.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jiang, Y., Qi, XX., Wang, ZH. et al. Effect of Different Forms of Silicon Application on Wheat Aphid Resistance. Agric Res 12, 179–188 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-022-00636-5
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40003-022-00636-5