Abstract
A systematic review of the state of the art of LCA biomass densification for energy purposes has been conducted. The aspects analyzed in the studies were: the temporal and geographical scope; type of raw material; densification technology, function, and functional unit; system boundary; allocation approach; impact assessment method; impact categories; sensitivity analysis; and uncertainty. Finally, a process contribution analysis with the environmental impacts is provided. Based on the results, wood fuels correspond to 56% of the biomass analyzed. The pelletizing technology represents 79% of the studies. A significant percentage of the life cycle assessments (88%) explicitly state the functional unit; however, 12% of these studies do not present it straightforwardly. Different functional units are used in the analyzed studies, with one MegaJoule (1 MJ) being the most common (in 33% of the studies). The most commonly used approach was from Cradle-to-grave, representing 54% of the studies. In this review, 54% of the studies applied allocation, 27% mass allocation, 17% market value allocation, and 4% combined. The typically employed life cycle impact assessment methods in the revised studies were ReCiPe, CML, and IPCC, representing 23, 21, and 19%, respectively. The most frequent impact categories among the studies are global warming (96.15%), acidification (58%), eutrophication (50%), ozone depletion (46%), and photochemical ozone formation (42%). The critical point most highlighted in the studies is the densification process, dominated by the use of machines, usually with high energy consumption, resulting in emissions of CO2 and CH4.
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The CNPq—Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for financial support for this research and the Federal Technological University of Paraná—UTFPR for providing the necessary resources for the development of this research. Grant number: 440179/2019-0.CMLU receives a productivity fellowship from Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq).
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Esquiaqui, L., de Oliveira Miranda Santos, S.D.F. & Ugaya, C.M.L. A systematic review of densified biomass products life cycle assessments. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 9311–9334 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04752-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04752-1