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Street dust pollution by heavy metals: a geographically weighted regression approach in México City

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Abstract

Street dust pollution by heavy metals has raised concerns because of its potentially harmful effects on the population. It has been suggested in the literature that the spatial distribution of heavy metals in street dust is associated with the urban environment. However, robust spatial econometric analyses have not been applied yet. The study of the spatial distribution of street dust load is also often overlooked. Thus, using previously collected data in México City, a spatial econometric approach was applied to analyze the association between the built environment and street dust heavy metals pollution. Firstly, spatial clusters of street dust load were identified. Then, bivariate plots (street dust load vs. metal content) were analyzed for a broad set of metals. Log-transformed Ordinary Least Squares regression models were tested to make statistical inferences about built environment determinants of heavy metal concentrations in street dust. Finally, the non-stationary property of these regression coefficients was analyzed using geographically weighted regression models. One cluster of high dust load in the east and another with low dust load in the southwest were found. Traffic-related metals (Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn) were identified in the bivariate plots with low R2 and relatively low residual standard error. The Cu content in street dust had significant associations with several covariates. For example, it increased in areas with factories and high car use. For the rest of the metals (Cr, Pb, and Zn), spatial patterns of regression coefficients were found and interpreted in terms of pollution indicators.

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Acknowledgements

This research was funded by grant number 283135 SEP-CONACYT and project IN208621 DGAPA-UNAM. To Dra. A. Aguilera for the database. A.G. is grateful for the support given by UNAM-DGAPA during their sabbatical stay at the University of Alberta.

Funding

Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, CB-2016-283135, Francisco Bautista, PAPIIT, IN208621, Francisco Bautista

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centro de Investigaciones en Geografía Ambiental, Laboratorio Universitario de Geofísica Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58341, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    D. A. Bautista-Hernández & F. Bautista

  2. Laboratorio Universitario de Geofísica Ambiental, Instituto de Geofísica Unidad Michoacán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 58341, Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico

    A. Goguitchaichvili & R. Cejudo

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  1. D. A. Bautista-Hernández
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  2. F. Bautista
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  3. A. Goguitchaichvili
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  4. R. Cejudo
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Correspondence to D. A. Bautista-Hernández.

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Editorial responsibility: Samareh Mirkia.

A. Goguitchaichvili and R. Cejudo. At Sabbatical Geophysics, Department of Physics,Unversity of Alberta,Alberta,T6G2E1,Edmonton,Canada

Appendix 1

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See Table 5.

Table 5 R2 and residuals standard error (RSE) of load dust vs metal load plots
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Bautista-Hernández, D.A., Bautista, F., Goguitchaichvili, A. et al. Street dust pollution by heavy metals: a geographically weighted regression approach in México City. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol. 20, 9795–9822 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04681-z

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