Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Pressed 21-4N Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened Austenitic Stainless Steels

  • Technical Article
  • Published:
Metallography, Microstructure, and Analysis Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this study, austenitic stainless steels of composition containing Fe–21Cr–4Ni–9Mn–0.5C–0.4Si with and without addition of Y2O3 were developed from iron and ferro-alloy powders (Fe–Ni, Fe–Mn and Fe–Cr) using mechanical alloying. Both the powders were hot-pressed under a vacuum of 10−3 mbar at 1200 °C and at a pressure of 50 MPa. Further, the hot-pressed billets were solution-annealed at 1150 °C for 90 min and subsequently quenched in water. Further the steels were aged at 750 °C for 90 min followed by air-cooled. The powder morphology and crystal structure were analyzed with respect to milling time using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The density of hot-pressed samples was found to be 96–98% of its theoretical value. The microstructure revealed austenite grains containing grain boundary carbides in the hot-pressed condition. However, the carbide precipitates disappeared after the solution treatment, which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrum analysis. The hot-pressed and oxide-dispersion-strengthened austenitic stainless steel and austenitic stainless steel samples have exhibited a hardness value of 349 ± 10 and 327 ± 10 HV1.0, respectively. Aged steels have attained the intermediate hardness values in the range of 324–336 HV1.0.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. W.-Y. Li, M. Yu, J. Li, G. Zhang, S. Wang, Characterizations of 21-4N to 4Cr9Si2 stainless steel dissimilar joint bonded by electric-resistance-heat-aided friction welding. Mater. Des. 30(10), 4230–4235 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  2. M.N. Rao, High performance stainless steels for critical engineering applications. Trans. Indian Inst. Met. 63(2–3), 321–330 (2010)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  3. H.K. Oh, S.M. Park, S.I. Hong, Hot deformation and cracking during compression of 21-4N steel. Adv. Mater. Res. Trans. Tech. Publ. 1102, 17–21 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  4. M.A. Jaswin, D.M. Lal, Effect of cryogenic treatment on the tensile behaviour of En 52 and 21-4N valve steels at room and elevated temperatures. Mater. Des. 32(4), 2429–2437 (2011)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  5. G. Jang, M. Hur, S. Kang, A study on the development of a substitution process by powder metallurgy in automobile parts. J. Mater. Process. Technol. 100(1–3), 110–115 (2000)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. P. Behjati, A. Kermanpur, A. Najafizadeh, H.S. Baghbadorani, Effect of annealing temperature on nano/ultrafine grain of Ni-free austenitic stainless steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 592, 77–82 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  7. C. Balázsi, F. Gillemot, M. Horváth, F. Wéber, K. Balázsi, F.C. Sahin, Y. Onüralp, Á. Horváth, Preparation and structural investigation of nanostructured oxide dispersed strengthened steels. J. Mater. Sci. 46(13), 4598–4605 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. M. Fleetwood, Mechanical alloying—the development of strong alloys. Mater. Sci. Technol. 2(12), 1176–1182 (1986)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  9. J.K.L. Lai, C.H. Shek, K.H. Lo, Stainless Steels: An Introduction and Their Recent Developments (Bentham Science Publishers, Sharjah, 2012)

    Google Scholar 

  10. G. Beddoes, Valve materials and design. Ironmak. Steelmak. 19(4), 290–296 (1992)

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  11. A. Wisniewski, J. Beddoes, Influence of grain-boundary morphology on creep of a wrought Ni-base superalloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 510, 266–272 (2009)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. M. Wang, H. Sun, L. Zou, G. Zhang, S. Li, Z. Zhou, Structural evolution of oxide dispersion strengthened austenitic powders during mechanical alloying and subsequent consolidation. Powder Technol. 272, 309–315 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  13. T.-K. Kim, C.-S. Bae, D.-H. Kim, J.-S. Jang, S.-H. Kim, C.-B. Lee, D.-H. Hahn, Microstructural observation and tensile isotropy of an austenitic ODS steel. Nucl. Eng. Technol. 40(4), 305–310 (2008)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  14. H. Oka, M. Watanabe, S. Ohnuki, N. Hashimoto, S. Yamashita, S. Ohtsuka, Effects of milling process and alloying additions on oxide particle dispersion in austenitic stainless steel. J. Nucl. Mater. 447(1–3), 248–253 (2014)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  15. C. Suryanarayana, N. Al-Aqeeli, Mechanically alloyed nanocomposites. Prog. Mater Sci. 58(4), 383–502 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. P. Susila, D. Sturm, M. Heilmaier, B. Murty, V.S. Sarma, Effect of yttria particle size on the microstructure and compression creep properties of nanostructured oxide dispersion strengthened ferritic (Fe–12Cr–2W–0.5 Y2O3) alloy. Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 528(13–14), 4579–4584 (2011)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. E. Salahinejad, R. Amini, M. Hadianfard, Structural evolution during mechanical alloying of stainless steels under nitrogen. Powder Technol. 215, 247–253 (2012)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. M. Phaniraj, D.-I. Kim, J.-H. Shim, Y.W. Cho, Microstructure development in mechanically alloyed yttria dispersed austenitic steels. Acta Mater. 57(6), 1856–1864 (2009)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  19. A. Kumar, A. Sharma, S. Goel, Effect of heat treatment on microstructure, mechanical properties and erosion resistance of cast 23-8-N nitronic steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 637, 56–62 (2015)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  20. S. Takaki, Y. Kimura, Ultra grain refining of iron using mechanical milling technique. J. Jpn. Soc. Powder Powder Metall. 46(12), 1235–1240 (1999)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  21. M. Wang, Z. Zhou, H. Sun, H. Hu, S. Li, Microstructural observation and tensile properties of ODS-304 austenitic steel. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 559, 287–292 (2013)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  22. F. Martín, C. García, Y. Blanco, M. Rodriguez-Mendez, Influence of sinter-cooling rate on the mechanical properties of powder metallurgy austenitic, ferritic, and duplex stainless steels sintered in vacuum. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 642, 360–365 (2015)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. K. Ying, S.-H. Zhang, L.-W. Zhang, M. Cheng, H.-W. Song, H.-W. Lu, Healing behavior of micropores in powder metallurgy 316L stainless steel during hot forging and heat treatment. J. Iron Steel Res. Int. 21(9), 862–868 (2014)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. H. Bei, Y. Yamamoto, M.P. Brady, M.L. Santella, Aging effects on the mechanical properties of alumina-forming austenitic stainless steels. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 527(7–8), 2079–2086 (2010)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. X. Mao, S.H. Kang, T.K. Kim, S.C. Kim, K.H. Oh, J. Jang, Microstructure and mechanical properties of ultrafine-grained austenitic oxide dispersion strengthened steel. Metall. Mater. Trans. A 47(11), 5334–5343 (2016)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. R. Rangarajan, President, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology for providing the facility to carry out this research work. Authors would like to express sincere thanks to Department of Science and Technology (No. DST/TSG/NTS/2013/03-G) for providing the funding for the project under the scheme of Technology System Development. Author would also like to thank M/s Rane Engine Valve Limited, Chennai, for their collaboration and providing the SEM–EDS facilities.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R & D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Chennai, 600 062, India

    R. Mariappan, M. Arun Prasad & G. Dharmalingam

  2. International Advanced Research Centre for Powder Metallurgy and New Materials, Chennai, 600 113, India

    D. Sivaprakasham

Authors
  1. R. Mariappan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. M. Arun Prasad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. G. Dharmalingam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. D. Sivaprakasham
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to R. Mariappan.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Mariappan, R., Prasad, M.A., Dharmalingam, G. et al. Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Hot-Pressed 21-4N Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened Austenitic Stainless Steels. Metallogr. Microstruct. Anal. 7, 578–586 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-018-0480-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13632-018-0480-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation