Abstract
The genus Aconitum (family—Ranunculaceae) accounts for approximately 400 species worldwide, of which some are considered medicinally very relevant. Many species have been reported to possess significant pharmacological properties and high therapeutic index for curing various diseases. Traditionally, Aconitum species have been used for the treatment of different human ailments, especially, neuronal disorders, pain and inflammation, kidney related disorders, rheumatism, diabetes, hysteria and cardiac depression. These medicinal properties have been attributed to various classes of secondary metabolites found in different Aconitum species. Among them, C19 and C20-diterpenoid alkaloids are the most dynamic group of compounds, comprising of more than 450 alkaloids in various species across the genus. However, further detailed phytochemical investigations of Aconitum species could provide new therapeutic natural products of Aconitum source that could be employed in health and medicine. The present study aims to frame a well structured portfolio to provide contemporary insights of the genus Aconitum. The retrospection of all the available information on Aconitum associated with its various attributes was carried out by searching different electronic databases viz. Elsevier, PubMed, Web of Science, Scifinder, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, Bio One, PLOS. The review summarizes the findings on traditional uses, phytochemistry, and pharmacology of various species of the genus. The toxicology and safety of Aconitum species for human consumption as herbal drugs has also been discussed.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Achmatowicz O Jr, Marion L (1965) The structure of homochasmanine. Can J Chem 43(5):1093–1095
Adams SJ, Kuruvilla GR, Krishnamurthy K, Nagarajan M, Venkatasubramanian P (2013) Pharmacognostic and phytochemical studies on Ayurvedic drugs Ativisha and Musta. Rev Bras Farmacogn 23(3):398–409. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000040
Ahmad H (2017) Isolation and characterization of bioactive diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum heterophyllum wall and related species. Dissertation, University of Malakand, Malakand
Ahmad M, Ahmad W, Ahmad M, Zeeshan M, Obaidullah SF (2008) Norditerpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall with antibacterial activity. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 23(6):1018–1022. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756360701810140
Ahmad H, Ahmad S, Shah SAA, Latif A, Ali M, Khan FA, Tahir MN, Shaheen F, Wadood A, Ahmad M (2017) Antioxidant and anticholinesterase potential of diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum heterophyllum. Bioorg Med Chem 25(13):3368–3376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2017.04.022
Ahmad H, Ahmad S, Shah SAA, Khan HU, Khan FA, Ali M, Latif A, Shaheen F, Ahmad M (2018) Selective dual cholinesterase inhibitors from Aconitum laeve. J Asian Nat Prod Res 20(2):172–181. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2017.1319820
Ameri A (1998a) The effects of Aconitum alkaloids on the central nervous system. Prog Neurobiol 56(2):211–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00037-9
Ameri A (1998b) Structure-dependent inhibitory action of the Aconitum alkaloids 14-benzoyltalitasamine and talitasamine in rat hippocampal slices. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 357(6):585–592. https://doi.org/10.1007/PL00005212
Anwar S, Ahmad B, Sultan M, Gul W, Islam N (2003) Biological and pharmacological properties of Aconitum chasmanthum. J Biol Sci 3:989–993
Atal C, Sharma M, Kaul A, Khajuria A (1986) Immunomodulating agents of plant origin. I: Preliminary screening. J Ethnopharmacol 18(2):133–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-8741(86)90025-5
Atta-ur-Rahman FN, Akhtar F, Choudhary MI, Khalid A (2000) New norditerpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum falconeri. J Nat Prod 63(10):1393–1395. https://doi.org/10.1021/np9905315
Baek JM, Kim JY, Cheon YH, Park SH, Ahn SJ, Yoon KH, Oh J, Lee MS (2014) Aconitum pseudo-laeve var. erectum inhibits receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand-induced osteoclastogenesis via the c-Fos/nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 signaling pathway and prevents lipopolysaccharide-induced bone loss in mice. Molecules 19:11628–11644. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules190811628
Bedarkar PB (2017) A case of vishamajwara treated with Ayurvedic medicines Guduchi and Vishamajwarahara Yoga. World J Pharm Res 6(17):1225–1231. https://doi.org/10.20959/wjpr201717-10457
Begum S, Ali M, Latif A, Ahmad W, Alam S, Nisar M, Zeeshan M, Khan MTH, Shaheen F, Ahmad M (2014) Pharmacologically active C-19 diterpenoid alkaloids from the aerial parts of Aconitum laeve Royle. Rec Nat Prod 8(2):83–92
Bello-Ramírez AM, Buendía-Orozco J, Nava-Ocampo AA (2003) A QSAR analysis to explain the analgesic properties of Aconitum alkaloids. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 17(5):575–580. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1472-8206.2003.00189.x
Benn MH (1983) The toxicology and pharmacology of diterpenoid alkaloids. In: Pelletier SW (ed) Alkaloids: chemical and biological perspectives, Volume1. Wiley, New York, pp 153–210
Bisht VK, Negi JS, Bh AK, Sundriyal RC (2013) Traditional use of medicinal plants in district Chamoli, Uttarakhand. India J Med Plants Res 7(15):918–929. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMPR13.2599
Braca A, Fico G, Morelli I, Simone FD, Tome F, Tommasi ND (2003) Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of flavonol glycosides from different Aconitum species. J Ethnopharmacol 86(1):63–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00043-6
Buha M, Sojitra N, Acharya R (2018) Adverse effect due to inhalation of Vatsanabha (Aconitum ferox Wall.) root powder during its processing and its Ayurvedic management: A Case study. Int. J. AYUSH Case Reports 2(1):14–19. http://ijacare.in/index.php/ijacare/article/view/25
Chan CP, Au CKH (2010) Three cases of aconite root poisoning due to bikhama in a Hong Kong Nepalese family. Hong Kong J Emerg Med 17(2):158–162. https://doi.org/10.1177/102490791001700209
Chauhan A, Sharma PK, Srivastava P, Kumar N, Dudhe R (2010) Plants having potential antidiabetic activity: a review. Der Pharm Lett 2(3):369–387
Chen T (2009) Aconie poisoning. Clin toxicol 47(4):279–285
Chen HC, Chen WC, Lin KH, Chen YH, Lo LC, Lee TC, Hsia TC, Wang CH, Wu SH, Hsu HW, Chang YJ, Huang YC, Ku TH, Horng MH (2011) Simultaneous use of traditional Chinese medicine (Si-Ni-Tang) to treat septic shock patients: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 12(1):1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-12-199
Chhetree RR, Dash GK, Mondal S, Acharyya S (2010) Studies on the hypoglycaemic activity of Aconitum napellus l. roots. Drug Inven Today 2(7):343–346
Chilton M, Mastropaolo J, Rosse RB, Bellack AS, Deutsch SI (2004) Behavioral consequences of methyllycaconitine in mice: a model of α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor deficiency. Life Sci 74(25):3133–3139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2003.11.012
Chodoeva A et al (2005) 8-O-Azeloyl-14-benzoylaconine: a new alkaloid from the roots of Aconitum karacolicum Rapcs and its antiproliferative activities. Bioorganic Med Chem 13:6493–6501
Committee CP (2015) Pharmacopeia of the people’s republic of China (the first division). Medical Science and Technology Press, Beijing, China
Csupor D, Forgo P, Zupkoc I, Szabod P, Hohmann J (2007) Anthranoyl-substituted norditerpene alkaloids from Aconitum vulparia Rchb. and their cytotoxic activities. Z Naturforsch B 62(1):135–141. https://doi.org/10.1515/znb-2007-0122
Dall’Acqua S, Shrestha BB, Gewali MB, Jha PK, Carrara M, Innocenti G (2008) Diterpenoid alkaloids and phenol glycosides from Aconitum naviculare (Brühl) Stapf. Nat Prod Commun 3(12):1985–1989. https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301209
Dar GH, Naqshi AR (2001) Threatened flowering plants of the Kashmir Himalaya—a checklist. Orient Sci 6(1):23–53
Donath MY, Shoelson SE (2011) Type 2 diabetes as an inflammatory disease. Nat Rev Immunol 11(2):98–107. https://doi.org/10.1038/nri2925
Du J, Lu X, Long Z, Zhang Z, Zhu X, Yang Y, Xu J (2013) In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of aconitine on melanoma cell line B16. Molecules 18(1):757–767. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules18010757
Dubey N, Dubey N, Mehta R (2012) Development and validation of selective high-performance liquid chromatographic method using photodiode array detection for estimation of aconitine in polyherbal Ayurvedic taila preparations. Chromatogr Res Int 6:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/157916
Dzhakhangirov FN, Bessonova IA (2002) Alkaloids of Aconitum coreanum. X. Curare-like activity-structure relationship. Chem Nat Compd 38(1):74–77. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015742001422
Fan Y, Jiang Y, Liu J, Kang Y, Li R, Wang J (2016) The anti-tumor activity and mechanism of alkaloids from Aconitum szechenyianum Gay. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 26(2):380–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.12.006
Fico G, Braca A, Bilia AR, Tomè F, Morelli I (2000) Flavonol glycosides from the flowers of Aconitum paniculatum. J Nat Prod 63(11):1563–1565. https://doi.org/10.1021/np000246h
Fico G, Braca A, Bilia AR, Tome F, Morelli I (2001a) New flavonol glycosides from the flowers of Aconitum napellus ssp. tauricum. Planta Med 67(3):287–290. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2001-11994
Fico G, Braca A, De Tommasi N, Tome F, Morelli I (2001b) Flavonoids from Aconitum napellus subsp. neomontanum. Phytochemistry 57(4):543–546. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(01)00102-9
Friese J, Gleitz J, Gutser UT, Heubach JF, Matthiesen T, Wilffert B, Selve N (1997) Aconitum sp. alkaloids: the modulation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels, toxicity and antinociceptive properties. Eur J Pharmacol 337(2–3):165–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2999(97)01268-5
Gao LM, Yan HY, He YQ, Wei XM (2006) Norditerpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum spicatum Stapf. J Integr Plant Biol 48(3):364–369. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7909.2006.00178.x
Gao T, Bi H, Ma S, Lu J (2010a) The antitumor and immunostimulating activities of water soluble polysaccharides from Radix Aconiti, Radix Aconiti Lateralis and Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii. Nat Prod Commun 5(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1000500322
Gao T, Bi H, Ma S, Lu J (2010b) Structure elucidation and antioxidant activity of a novel α-(1→ 3),(1→ 4)-d-glucan from Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. Int J Biol Macromol 46(1):85–90.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2009.10.011Gao
Gao T, Ma S, Song J, Bi H, Tao Y (2011) Antioxidant and immunological activities of water-soluble polysaccharides from Aconitum kusnezoffii Reichb. Int J Biol Macromol 49(4):580–586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2011.06.017
Gao F, Li YY, Wang D, Huang X, Liu Q (2012) Diterpenoid alkaloids from the Chinese traditional herbal “Fuzi” and their cytotoxic activity. Molecules 17(5):5187–5194. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules17055187
Gopinath V, Kokila L, Lavanya R, Brindha P (2010) Quality control studies on Panchatiktaka Guggulu Kwatha Curanam. J Pharm Res 4(1):229–232
Guo R, Guo C, He D, Zhao D, Shen Y (2017) Two new C19-diterpenoid alkaloids with anti-inflammatory activity from Aconitum iochanicum. Chinese J Chem 35(10):1644–1647. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjoc.201700401
Haine GB, Hamidi S, Ghandour SA, Ricardo A (2012) Assessment of homeopathic medicine Aconitum napellus in the treatment of anxiety in an animal model. Int J High Dilution 11:33–42
Hanuman JB, Katz A (1993) Isolation and identification of four nor-diterpenoid alkaloids from processed and unprocessed root tubers of Aconitum ferox. J Nat Prod 56(6):801–809. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50096a001
Hazawa M, Wada K, Takahashi K, Mori T, Kawahara N, Kashiwakura I (2009) Suppressive effects of novel derivatives prepared from Aconitum alkaloids on tumor growth. Invest New Drugs 27(2):111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10637-008-9141-4
He YQ, Yao BH, Ma ZY (2011) Diterpenoid alkaloids from a Tibetan medicinal plant Aconitum richardsonianum var. pseudosessiliflorum and their cytotoxic activity. J Pharm Anal 1(1):57–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2095-1779(11)70010-7
He JB, Luan J, Lv XM, Rui DY, Tao J, Wang B, Niu YF, Ju HP (2017) Navicularines A-C: new diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum naviculare and their cytotoxic activities. Fitoterapia 120:142–145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2017.06.008
Heubach JF, Schule A (1998) Cardiac effects of lappaconitine and N-deacetyllappaconitine, two diterpenoid alkaloids from plants of the Aconitum and Delphinium species. Planta Med 64(1):22–26. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957359
Hikino H, Takata H, Mitsuo F, Chohachi K, Kazuo O (1982) Mechanism of inhibitory action of mesaconitine in acute inflammations. Eur J Pharmacol 82(1–2):65–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-2999(82)90553-2
Hooker JD (1872) The flora of British India, vol 1. L. Reeve and Co., London, England
Huang X, Tang J, Zhou Q, Lu H, Wu Y, Wu W (2010) Polysaccharide from Fuzi (FPS) prevents hypercholesterolemia in rats. Lipids Health Dis 9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-9-9
Huang Q, Wang D, Dong L (2011) Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities of extracts from Aconitum pendulum Busch in Mice. Ningxia Med J 11
Jabeen N, Kozgar MI, Dar GH, Shawl AS, Khan S (2013) Distribution and taxonomy of genus Aconitum in Kashmir: potent medicinal resource of Himalayan valley. Chiang Mai J Sci 40(2):173–186
Jaiswal Y, Liang Z, Yong P, Chen H, Zhao Z (2013) A comparative study on the traditional Indian shodhana and Chinese processing methods for aconite roots by characterization and determination of the major components. Chem Cent J 7(1):169–185. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-153X-7-169
Jayantakumarmaji V, Shukla J (2012) Pharmacognosy and phytochemical study of Trikarshika churna. A popular polyherbal antioxidant. Int Res J Pharm 3:183–186
Jeong HJ, Whang WK, Kim IH (1997) New flavonoids from the aerial parts of Aconitum chiisanense. Planta Med 63(4):329–334. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2006-957694
Jiang Q, Pelletier SW (1991) Two new diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum palmatum. J Nat Prod 54(2):525–531. https://doi.org/10.1021/np50074a027
Jiang SH, Wang HQ, Li YM, Lin SJ, Tan JJ (2007) Two new C18-norditerpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum delavayi. Chin Chem Lett 18(4):409–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cclet.2007.01.031
Jiang B, Lin S, Zhu C, Wang S, Wang Y, Chen M, Zhang J, Hu J, Chen N, Yang Y, Shi J (2012) Diterpenoid alkaloids from the lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii. J Nat Prod 75(6):1145–1159. https://doi.org/10.1021/np300225t
Jiang GY, Qin LL, Gao F, Huang S, Zhou XL (2020) Fifteen new diterpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum kirinense Nakai. Fitoterapia 141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2020.104477
Joshi A, Rajagopala S (2019) A critical review on Balachaturbhadra churna: An effective Ayurveda formulation for the pediatric age. Int J Interrelig Intercult Stud 2(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.32795/ijiis.vol2.iss1.2019.306
Khan H, Nabavi SM, Sureda A, Mehterov N, Gulei D, Berindan-Neagoe I, Taniguchi H, Atanasov AG (2018) Therapeutic potential of songorine, a diterpenoid alkaloid of the genus Aconitum. Eur J Med Chem 153:29–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.10.065
Kharkwal G (2009) Qualitative analysis of tree species in evergreen forests of Kumaun Himalaya. Uttarakhand India Afr J Plant Sci 3(3):49–52. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJPS.9000195
Khetwal KS (2007) Constituents of high altitude Himalayan herbs part XX. A C-19 diterpenoid alkaloid from Aconitum balfuorii. Indian J Chem 46B(8):1364–1366. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/701
Khetwal KS, Pande S (2004) Constitutens of high altitude himalayan herbs part XV: A new norditerpenoid alkaloid from the roots of Aconitum balfourii. Nat Prod Res 18(2):129–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/1487641031000149885
Kim DK, Kwon HY, Lee KR, Rhee DK, Zee OP (1998) Isolation of a multidrug resistance inhibitor from Aconitum pseudo-laeve var. erectum. Arch Pharm Res 21(3):344–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02975299
Konda VGR, Eerike M, Raghuraman LP, Rajamanickam MK (2016) Antioxidant and nephroprotective activities of Aconitum heterophyllum root in glycerol induced acute renal failure in rats. J Clin Diagn Res 10(3):FF01–FF02. https://doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2016/10798.7388
Kumar S, Javed MS, Kumar P, Gupta S, Kumar R, Singh PK (2020) In-vitro antifungal and anti-bacterial activity of chloroform extract from tubers of Aconitum laeve Royle: Endangered species, India. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.054
Lai MC, Liu IM, Liou S, Chang YS (2011) Mesaconitine plays the major role in the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Radix Aconiti Carmichaeli (Chuan wu). J Food Drug Anal 19(3):362–368
Lather A, Gupta V, Bansal P, Singh R, Chaudhary AK (2010) Pharmacological potential of Ayurvedic formulation: Kutajghan Vati—a review. J Adv Sci Res 1(3):41–45
Lather A, Gupta V, Chaudhary AK, Singh R, Bansal P, Ghaiye P, Bansal R (2012) In vitro evaluation of antimicrobial activity of Kutajghan Vati—an ayurvedic formulation Pakistan. Pak J Pharm Sci 25(3):693–696
Li JP, Wu WK, Zeng Y, Zhang HJ (2008) Proteomic research on the anti-myocardial ischemia mechanism of total alkaloids from Radix Aconitine. Central South Pharmacy 1
Li B, Meng XJ, Sun LW (2012) Isolation, chemical characterization and in vitro antioxidant activities of polysaccharides from Aconitum coreanum. J Med Plants Res 6(5):876–883
Li J, Ren W, Huang XJ, Zou DJ, Hu X (2013) Bullatine A, a diterpenoid alkaloid of the genus Aconitum, could attenuate ATP-induced BV-2 microglia death/apoptosis via P2X receptor pathways. Brain Res Bull 97:81–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.05.015
Li M, He J, Jiang LL, Ng ESK, Wang H, Lam FFY, Zhang YM, Tan NH, Shaw PC (2013) The anti-arthritic effects of Aconitum vilmorinianum, a folk herbal medicine in Southwestern China. J Ethnopharmacol 147(1):122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.02.018
Li H, Sun M, Xu J, Li H, Zang M, Cui Y (2013) Immunological response in H22 transplanted mice undergoing Aconitum coreanum polysaccharide treatment. Int J Biol Macromol 55:295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2013.01.011
Li B, Tang F, Wang L, Liu L, Zhao J, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Song Y, Li Y, Cui R (2013) Anticonvulsant effects of Fuzi total alkaloid on pentylenetetrazole-induced seizure in mice. J Pharmacol Sci 123(2):195–198. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.13057SC
Li X, Jiang J, Shi S, Bligh SA, Li Y, Jiang Y, Huang D, Ke Y, Wang S (2014) A RG-II type polysaccharide purified from Aconitum coreanum alleviates lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB signal pathway. PLoS One 9(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0099697
Liang M, Li S, Shen B, Cai J, Li C, Wang Z, Li X, Gao J, Huang H, Zhang X, Li J (2012) Anti-hepatocarcinoma effects of Aconitum coreanum polysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 88(3):973–976. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.01.050
Liang X, Chen L, Song L, Fei W, He M, He C, Yin Z (2017) Diterpenoid alkaloids from the root of Aconitum sinchiangense WT Wang with their antitumor and antibacterial activities. Nat Res Prod 31(17):2016–2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1272113
Liangqian L, Kadota Y (2001) Aconitum L. In: Wu ZY, Raven PH (eds) Flora of China, Volume6. Science Press, Beijing, China, pp 149–222
Lin CC, Phua DH, Deng JF, Yang CC (2011) Aconitine intoxication mimicking acute myocardial infarction. Hum Exp Toxicol 30(7):782–785. https://doi.org/10.1177/0960327110385960
Liou SS, Liu IM, Lai MC, Cheng JT (2005) Comparison of the antinociceptive action of crude Fuzei, the root of Aconitum, and its processed products. J Ethnopharmacol 99(3):379–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.02.014
Liou SS, Liu IM, Lai MC (2006) The plasma glucose lowering action of Hei-Shug-Pian, the fire-processed product of the root of Aconitum (Aconitum carmichaeli), in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 106(2):256–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2006.01.001
Liu F, Yu XH, Li F, Tan YY, Qiao YJ (2006) Determination of three kind of diester diterpenoid alkaloids (DDAs) in Aconitum carmichaeli and its processed products by HPLC. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 31(14):1160–1162
Liu XX, Jian XX, Cai XF, Chao RB, Chen QH, Chen DL, Wang XL, Wang FP (2012) Cardioactive C19-diterpenoid alkaloids from the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaeli “Fu Zi.” Chem Pharm Bull 60(1):144–149. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.60.144
Liu L, Li B, Zhou Y, Wang L, Tang F, Shao D, Jiang X, Zhao H, Cui R, Li Y (2012) Antidepressant-like effect of Fuzi total alkaloid on ovariectomized mice. J Pharmacol Sci 120(4):280–287. https://doi.org/10.1254/jphs.12163FP
Lone PA, Bhardwaj AK, Shah KW, Tabasum S (2014) Ethnobotanical survey of some threatened medicinal plants of Kashmir Himalaya. India J Med Planst Res 8(47):1362–1373. https://doi.org/10.5897/jmpr2014.5649
Lu G, Dong Z, Wang Q, Qian G, Huang W, Jiang Z, Leung KSY, Zhao Z (2010) Toxicity assessment of nine types of decoction pieces from the daughter root of Aconitum carmichaeli (Fuzi) based on the chemical analysis of their diester diterpenoid alkaloids. Planta Med 76(8):825–830. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1240688
Luo Y, Zhang FM, Yang QE (2005) Phylogeny of Aconitum subgenus Aconitum (Ranunculaceae) inferred from ITS sequences. Plant Syst Evol 252:11–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-004-0257-5
Luo M, Lin L, Li C, Wang Z, Guo W (2012) Chemical constituents of Aconitum tanguticum. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 37(9):1245–1248. https://doi.org/10.4268/cjcmm20120916
Luo ZH, Chen Y, Sun XY, Fan H, Li W, Deng L, Yin TP (2020) A new diterpenoid alkaloid from Aconitum hemsleyanum. Nat Prod Res 34(9):1331–1336. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2018.1560292
Mabberley D (2008) Mabberley’s plant-book, 3rd edn. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Mariani C, Braca A, Vitalini S, De Tommasi N, Visioli F, Fico G (2008) Flavonoid characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity of Aconitum anthora L. (Ranunculaceae). Phytochemistry 69:1220–1226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2007.12.009
Martin SE, de Fiebre NEC, Christopher M (2004) The α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor-selective antagonist, methyllycaconitine, partially protects against β-amyloid1–42 toxicity in primary neuron-enriched cultures. Brain Res 1022(1–2):254–256. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2004.07.016
Maurya SK, Seth A, Laloo D, Singh NK, Gautam DNS, Singh AK (2015) Sodhana: an ayurvedic process for detoxification and modification of therapeutic activities of poisonous medicinal plants. Anc Sci Life 34(4):188–197. https://doi.org/10.4103/0257-7941.160862
Mazur NA, Ivanova LA, Pavlova TS (1986) Results of the clinical study of a new anti-arrhythmia preparation Allapinin. Biull Vsesoiuznogo Kardiol Nauchn Tsentra AMN SSSR 9(2):30–33
Miana G, Ikram M, Khan MI, Sultana F (1971) Alkaloids of Aconitum violaceum. Phytochemistry 10(12):3320–3322. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9422(00)97417-X
Mithofer A, Boland W (2012) Plant defense against herbivores: chemical aspects. Annu Rev Plant Biol 63:431–450. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-042110-103854
Monika G, Preeti C (2013) Antimicrobial activity of crude alkaloid extract of Aconitum balfourii Stapf. Int J Appl Agric Sci 11(3):417–420
Mu ZQ, Gao H, Huang ZY, Feng XL, Yao XS (2012) Puberunine and puberudine, two new C18-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum barbatum var. puberulum. Org Lett 14(11):2758–2761. https://doi.org/10.1021/ol3008217
Munir N, Ijaz W, Altaf I, Naz S (2014) Evaluation of antifungal and antioxidant potential of two medicinal plants: Aconitum heterophyllum and Polygonum bistorta. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 4:S639–S643. https://doi.org/10.12980/APJTB.4.201414B182
Mushtaq S, Hassan QP, Sharma R, Majeed R, Dar AH, Sultan P, Khan IA, Ali SA, Ali MN (2017) Evaluation of anticancer and antimicrobial activities of selected medicinal plants of Kashmir Himalayas, India. Indian J Tradit Know 16(1):141–145. http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/37027
Nagarajan M, Kuruvilla GR, Kumar KS, Venkatasubramanian P (2015) Pharmacology of Ativisha, Musta and their substitutes. J Ayurveda Integr Med 6(2):121–133. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.146551
Nesterova YV, Povetieva T, Suslov N, Semenov A, Pushkarskii S (2011) Antidepressant activity of diterpene alkaloids of Aconitum baicalense Turcz. Bulletin of Exp Biol Med 151(4):406–409. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-011-1347-3
Nesterova YV, Povetieva T, Suslov N, Zyuzkov G, Pushkarskii S, Aksinenko S, Schultz E, Kravtsova S, Krapivin A (2014) Analgesic activity of diterpene alkaloids from Aconitum baikalensis. Bulletin of Exp Biol Med 157(4):488–491. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10517-014-2598-6
Nidhi S, Vikas S, Barkha K, Dobriyal A, Jadon VS (2010) Advancement in research on Aconitum sp.(Ranunculaceae) under different area: a review. Biotechnol 9(4):411–427. https://doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2010.411.427
Nisar M, Obaidullah AM, Wadood N, Lodhi MA, Shaheen F, Choudhary MI (2009) New diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum heterophyllum Wall: Selective butyrylcholinestrase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 24(1):47–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756360801906202
Nyirimigabo E, Xu Y, Li Y, Wang Y, Agyemang K, Zhang Y (2015) A review on phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology studies of Aconitum. J Pharm Pharmacol 67(1):1–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphp.12310
Panda AK, Debnath SK (2010) Overdose effect of aconite containing Ayurvedic medicine (‘Mahashankha Vati’). Int J Ayurveda Res 1(3):183–186. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-7788.72493
Pandey H, Nandi SK, Kumar A, Palni UT, Chandra B, Palni LMS (2004) In vitro propagation of Aconitum balfourii Stapf.: An important aconite of the Himalayan alpines. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 79(1):34–41. https://doi.org/10.1080/14620316.2004.11511733
Paramanick D, Panday R, Shukla SS, Sharma V (2017) Primary pharmacological and other important findings on the medicinal plant “Aconitum heterophyllum”(aruna). J Pharmacopuncture 20(2):89–92. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2017.20.011
Park KH, Park M, Choi SE, Jeong MS, Kwon JH, Oh MH, Choi HK, Seo SJ, Lee MW (2009) The anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of caffeoyl derivatives from the roots of Aconitum koreanum R. Raymond Biol Pharm Bull 32(12):2029–2033. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.32.2029
Park G, Kim KM, Choi S, Oh DS (2016) Aconitum carmichaelii protects against acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity via B-cell lymphoma-2 protein-mediated inhibition of mitochondrial dysfunction. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 42:218–225. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2016.01.012
Parvez M, Gul W, Anwar S (1998) Chasmanthinine. Acta Crystallogr Sect C: Cryst Struct Commun 54(1):125–126. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270197013449
Parvez M, Gul W, Anwar S, Miana G, Choudhary M (1999) Indaconitine 0.5-acetonitrile solvate. Acta Crystallogr Sect C Cryst Struct Commun 55(1):70–72. https://doi.org/10.1107/S0108270198010130
Pashinskii VG, Gaidamovich NN, Poveteva TN, Vetoshkina TV, Nesterova IV, Pushkarskii SV (2006) The influence of Aconitum preparations on the development of chronic inflammation. Eksp Klin Farmakol 69(2):55–57. https://doi.org/10.30906/0869-2092-2006-69-2-55-57
Pattewar AM, Pandharkar TM, Yerawar PP, Patawar VA (2012) Evaluation of in-vitro antihelminthic activity of Aconitum heterophyllum. J Chem Biol Phy Sci 2(4):2401
Pelletier SW, Mody NV, Puri H (1977) Structures of falaconitine and mithaconitine, two novel diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum falconeri Stapf. J Chem Soc Chem Commun 1:12–13. https://doi.org/10.1039/C39770000012
Perera PK, Li Y, Peng C, Fang W, Han C (2010) Immunomodulatory activity of a Chinese herbal drug Yi Shen Juan Bi in adjuvant arthritis. Indian J Pharmacol 42(2):65–69. https://doi.org/10.4103/0253-7613.64489
Peter K, Schinnerl J, Felsinger S, Brecker L, Bauer R, Breiteneder H, Xu R, Ma Y (2013) A novel concept for detoxification: complexation between aconitine and liquiritin in a Chinese herbal formula (‘Sini Tang’). J Ethnopharmacol 149(2):562–569. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.07.022
Polyakov NE, Khan VK, Taraban MB, Leshina TV, Salakhutdinov NF, Tolstikov GA (2005) Complexation of lappaconitine with glycyrrhizic acid: stability and reactivity studies. J Phys Chem B 109(51):24526–24530. https://doi.org/10.1021/jp053434v
Prasad SK, Kumar R, Patel D, Sahu A, Hemalatha S (2012) Physicochemical standardization and evaluation of in-vitro antioxidant activity of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2(2):S526–S531. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-1691(12)60266-4
Pullaiah T (2006) Encyclopaedia of world medicinal plants, volume1. Regency Publications, New Delhi, India
Rajakrishnan R, Alfarhan AH, Al-Ansari AM, Lekshmi R, Sreelakshmi R, Benil PB, Kim YO, Tack JC, Na SW, Kim HJ (2020) Therapeutic efficacy of the root tubers of Aconitum heterophyllum and its substitute Cyperus rotundus in the amelioration of pylorus ligation induced ulcerogenic and oxidative damage in rats. Saudi J Biol Sci 27(4):1124–1129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2019.12.025
Rasool S, Khan MH, Hamid S, Sultan P, Qazi P, Butt T (2016) An overview and economical importance of few selected endangered medicinal plants grown in Jammu and Kashmir region of India. Ann Phytomed 5(2):27–37. https://doi.org/10.21276/ap.2016.5.2.3
Rastogi S (2011) A review of aconite (Vatsanabha) usage in Ayurvedic formulations: traditional views and their references. Spatula DD 1:233–244. https://doi.org/10.5455/spatula.20111220112858
Rawat JM, Rawat B, Agnihotri RK, Chandra A, Nautiyal S (2013) In vitro propagation, genetic and secondary metabolite analysis of Aconitum violaceum Jacq.: a threatened medicinal herb. Acta Physiol Plant 35(8):2589–2599. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11738-013-1294-x
Raza ML (2009) Safety against maximal electroshock (MES) induced seizure by Aconitum violaceum. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2(60):234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vascn.2009.04.106
Raza M, Zeeshan M, Ahmad M, Shaheen F, Simjee S (2008) Anticonvulsant activity of Aconitum violaceum against maximal electroshock induced seizure model. Behv Pharm 19:658–659
Reddy JK, Sheetal P, Menda R, Aparna N (2016) Anti diabetic activity of ethanolic extract of Aconitum ferox in alloxan induced diaseased rats. Int J Pharm Biol Sci 6:125–134
Royle JF (1839) Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains, and of the flora of Cashmere, Volume1. W M. H, Allen and Company, London
Sabir S, Arshad M, Hussain M, Sadaf HM, Imran M, Yasmeen F, Saboon CSK (2016) A probe into biochemical potential of Aconitum violaceum: a medicinal plant from Himalaya. Asian Pac J Trop Dis 6(6):502–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(16)61076-9
Shah N (2005) Conservation aspects of Aconitum species in the Himalayas with special reference to Uttaranchal (India). Med Plant Conserv 11:9–15
Shaheen F, Ahmad M, Khan MTH, Jalil S, Ejaz A, Sultankhodjaev MN, Arfan M, Choudhary MI (2005) Alkaloids of Aconitum laeve and their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibition activities. Phytochemistry 66(8):935–940. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2005.02.010
Sheng LH, Xu M, Xu LQ, Xiong F (2014) Cytotoxic effect of lappaconitine on non-small cell lung cancer in vitro and its molecular mechanism. Zhong Yao Cai 37(5):840–843
Shoaib A, Salem-Bekhit MM, Siddiqui HH, Dixit RK, Bayomi M, Khalid M, Badruddeen, Shakeel F (2020) Antidiabetic activity of standardized dried tubers extract of Aconitum napellus in streptozotocin‐induced diabetic rats. 3 Biotech 10(2). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-019-2043-7
Shrestha BB, Dall’Acqua S, Gewali MB, Jha PK, Innocenti G (2006) New flavonoid glycosides from Aconitum naviculare (Brühl) Stapf, a medicinal herb from the trans-Himalayan region of Nepal. Carbohydr Res 341(12):2161–2165. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carres.2006.05.013
Shyaula SL (2011) Phytochemicals, traditional uses and processing of Aconitum species in Nepal. Nepal J Sci Technol 12:171–178. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6496
Shyaula SL, Ngakushi AB, Maharjan BL, Manandhar MD (2012) Estimation of alkaloids and antibacterial activity of Aconitum spicatum Bruhl Stapf from Manaslu conservation area. Nepal J Sci Technol 13(1):67–71. https://doi.org/10.3126/njst.v13i1.7443
Shyaula SL, Tamang T, Ghouri N, Adhikari A, Marasini S, Bajracharya GB, Manandhar MD, Choudhary MI (2016) Antileishmanial diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum spicatum (Bruhl) Stapf. Nat Prod Res 30(22):2590–2593. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1114941
Sinam YM, Kumar S, Hajare S, Gautam S, Chatterjee S, Variyar PS, Devi GS, Sharma A (2012) Isolation and identification of antibacterial compound from Indo-Himalayan Aconitum nagarum. Asian Pacific J Trop Dis 2:S878–S882. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2222-1808(12)60284-9
Sinam YM, Kumar S, Hajare S, Gautam S, Devi GS, Sharma A (2014) Antibacterial property of Aconitum heterophyllum root alkaloid. Int J Adv Res 2(7):839–844
Singhuber J, Zhu M, Prinz S, Kopp B (2009) Aconitum in traditional Chinese medicine—a valuable drug or an unpredictable risk? J Ethnopharmacol 126(1):18–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2009.07.031
Srivastava N, Sharma V, Dobriyal A, Kamal B, Gupta S, Jadon V (2011) Influence of pre-sowing treatments on in vitro seed germination of Ativisha (Aconitum heterophyllum Wall.) of Uttarakhand. Biotechnology 10(2):2015–2019. https://doi.org/10.3923/biotech.2011.215.219
Stanley TL, Zann MV, Johnsen S, Rasheed S, Makimura H, Lee H, Khor VK, Ahima RS, Grinspoon SK (2011) TNF-α antagonism with etanercept decreases glucose and increases the proportion of high molecular weight adiponectin in obese subjects with features of the metabolic syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 96(1):146–150. https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-1170
Stapf O, Prain D (1905) The Aconites of India: A monograph. Bengal Secretariat Press, Calcutta, India
Stern E (1954) The Aconitum and Delphinium Alkaloids. In: The alkaloids: chemistry and physiology, Volume 4. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 275–333
Su J, Liu X, Li H, Cheng X, Shi S, Li N, Wu J, Xu Y, Liu R, Tian X, Wang H (2020) Hypoglycaemic effect and mechanism of an RG-II type polysaccharide purified from Aconitum coreanum in diet-induced obese mice. Int J Biol Macromol 149:359–370. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.01.209
Subash AK, Augustine A (2012) Hypolipidemic effect of methanol fraction of Aconitum heterophyllum Wall. ex Royle and the mechanism of action in diet-induced obese rats. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 3(4):224–228. https://doi.org/10.4103/2231-4040.104713
Sun B, Wu S, Li L, Li H, Zhang Q, Chen H, Li F, Dong F, Yan X (2009) A metabolomic analysis of the toxicity of Aconitum sp. alkaloids in rats using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 23(8):1221–1228. https://doi.org/10.1002/rcm.3992
Sutan NA (2018) Phytochemical constituents and biological properties of extracts from Aconitum sp.—a short review. Curr Trends Nat Sci 7(14):28–39
Sutan NA, Manolescu DS, Fierascu I, Neblea AM, Sutan C, Ducu C, Soare LC, Negrea D, Avramescu SM, Fierascu RC (2018) Phytosynthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles enhance in vitro antioxidant and mitostimulatory activity of Aconitum toxicum Reichenb. rhizomes alcoholic extracts. Mater Sci Eng C 93:746–758. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2018.08.042
Sutkowska A, Boron P, Mitka J (2013) Natural hybrid zone of Aconitum species in the Western Carpathians: Linnaean taxonomy and ISSR fingerprinting. Acta Biol Cracov Bot 55(1):114–126. https://doi.org/10.2478/abcsb-2013-00015
Tong P, Wu C, Wang X, Hu H, Jin H, Li C, Zhu Y, Shan L, Xiao L (2013) Development and assessment of a complete-detoxication strategy for Fuzi (lateral root of Aconitum carmichaeli) and its application in rheumatoid arthritis therapy. J Ethnopharmacol 146(2):562–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2013.01.025
Tucci SA, Genn RF, File SE (2003) Methyllycaconitine (MLA) blocks the nicotine evoked anxiogenic effect and 5-HT release in the dorsal hippocampus: possible role of α7 receptors. Neuropharmacology 44(3):367–373. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3908(02)00391-X
Turabekova MA, Rasulev BF, Dzhakhangirov FN, Leszczynska D, Leszczynski J (2010) Aconitum and Delphinium alkaloids of curare-like activity. QSAR analysis and molecular docking of alkaloids into AChBP. Eur J Med Chem 45(9):3885–3894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejmech.2010.05.042
Ulubelen A, Mericli AH, Mericli F, Yilmaz F (1996) Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum orientale. Phytochemistry 41(3):957–961. https://doi.org/10.1016/0031-9422(95)00670-2
Ulubelen A, Mericli A, Mericli F, Kolak U, Arfan M, Ahmad M, Ahmad H (2002) Norditerpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum leave Royle. Pharmazie 57(2):427–429
Uniyal B, Singh P, Singh D (2002) Flora of Jammu and Kashmir. Botanical Survey of India, Kolkata, India
Uslu B, Lingeman H, Ozkan SA, Palit M, Dogan-Topal B (2012) Analytical method development and validation of pharmaceutical analysis using chromatographic techniques. Chromatogr Res Int. https://doi.org/10.1155/2012/948129
Venkatasubramanian P, Kumar SK, Nair VS (2010) Cyperus rotundus, a substitute for Aconitum heterophyllum: Studies on the Ayurvedic concept of Abhava Pratinidhi Dravya (drug substitution). J Ayurveda Integr Med 1(1):33–40. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-9476.59825
Verma S, Ojha S, Raish M (2010) Anti-inflammatory activity of Aconitum heterophyllum on cotton pellet-induced granuloma in rats. J Med Plants Res 4(15):1566–1569
Vitalini S, Braca A, Passarella D, Fico G (2010) New flavonol glycosides from Aconitum burnatii Gáyer and Aconitum variegatum L. Fitoterapia 81(7):940–947. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.06.012
Wada K, Hazawa M, Takahashi K, Mori T, Kawahara N, Kashiwakura I (2011) Structure–activity relationships and the cytotoxic effects of novel diterpenoid alkaloid derivatives against A549 human lung carcinoma cells. J Nat Med 65(1):43–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-010-0452-3
Wada K, Ohkoshi E, Morris-Natschke SL, Bastow KF, Lee KH (2012) Cytotoxic esterified diterpenoid alkaloid derivatives with increased selectivity against a drug-resistant cancer cell line. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22(1):249–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.02.018
Wang LC, Zhao LS, Tang H, Liu L, Liu C, Lei BJ (2005) Influence of wen-yang herbs on hemodynamics in liver fibrotic rats. Zhonghua Gan Zang Bing Za Zhi 13(6):421–424
Wang Z, Wen J, Xing J, He Y (2006) Quantitative determination of diterpenoid alkaloids in four species of Aconitum by HPLC. J Pharm Biomed Anal 40(4):1031–1034. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2005.08.012
Wang YZ, Xiao YQ, Zhang C, Sun XM (2009) Study of analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of lappaconitine gelata. J Tradit Chin Med 29(2):141–145
Wangchuk P, Bremner JB, Samten SBW, White AH, Rattanajak R, Kamchonwongpaisan S (2010) Antiplasmodial activity of atisinium chloride from the Bhutanese medicinal plant. Aconitum orochryseum J Ethnopharmacol 130(3):559–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.057
Wangchuk P, Navarro S, Shepherd C, Keller PA, Pyne SG, Loukas A (2015) Diterpenoid alkaloids of Aconitum laciniatum and mitigation of inflammation by 14-O-acetylneoline in a murine model of ulcerative colitis. Sci Rep 5(1):1–10. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep12845
Wright SN (2001) Irreversible block of human heart (hH1) sodium channels by the plant alkaloid lappaconitine. Mol Pharmacol 59(2):183–192. https://doi.org/10.1124/mol.59.2.183
Wu G, Huang W, Zhang H, Li Q, Zhou J, Shu H (2011) Inhibitory effects of processed Aconiti tuber on morphine-induced conditioned place preference in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 136(1):254–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2011.04.041
Wu G, Du L, Zhao L, Shang R, Liu D, Jing Q, Liang J, Ren Y (2014) The total alkaloids of Aconitum tanguticum protect against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in rats. J Ethnopharmacol 155(3):1483–1491. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.07.041
Xing BN, Jin SS, Wang H, Tang QF, Liu JH, Li RY, Liang JY, Tang YQ, Yang CH (2014) New diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum coreanum and their anti-arrhythmic effects on cardiac sodium current. Fitoterapia 94:120–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2014.01.022
Xu H, Arita H, Hayashida M, Zhang L, Sekiyama H, Hanaoka K (2006) Pain-relieving effects of processed Aconiti tuber in CCI-neuropathic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 103(3):392–397. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2005.08.050
Xu Y, Guo ZJ, Wu N (2010) Two new amide alkaloids with anti-leukaemia activities from Aconitum taipeicum. Fitoterapia 81(8):1091–1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2010.07.005
Xu L, Zhang X, Lin LM, Li C, Wang ZM, Luo YM (2013) Two new flavonol glycosides from the Tibetan medicinal plant Aconitum tanguticum. J Asian Nat Prod Res 15(7):737–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2013.799144
Xu Z, Wu S, Huang G, Ding H, Zhu B, Guo Y (2020) Two neoflavones from Aconitum austroyunnanense and their therapeutic activity against osteoarthritis of the knee. Chem Nat Compds 56(1):62–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10600-020-02944-0
Xu JB, Luo YY, Huang S, Gao F, Zhou XL (2020a) Four new diterpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum coreanum. Chem Biodivers 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.201900600
Yamashita H, Miyao M, Hiramori K, Kobayashi D, Suzuki Y, Mizukami M, Goto M, Lee KH, Wada K (2020) Cytotoxic diterpenoid alkaloid from Aconitum japonicum subsp. subcuneatum. J Nat Med 74(1):83–89. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11418-019-01346-z
Yan HC, Qu HD, Sun LR, Li SJ, Cao X, Fang YY, Jie W, Bean JC, Wu WK, Zhu XH, Gao TM (2010) Fuzi polysaccharide-1 produces antidepressant-like effects in mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 13(5):623–633. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1461145709990733
Yan T, Na L, Xiaoqing W (2013) Effect of Fuzi on cAMP-PKA signal transduction pathways in rat of chronic arrhythmia. Pharmacol Clin Chin Materia Med 4:31
Ya-Nan HE, Shui-Ping OU, Xiong X, Yuan PA, Jin PE, Run-Chun XU, Fu-Neng GE, Li HA, Zhang DK, Ming YA (2018) Stems and leaves of Aconitum carmichaelii Debx. as potential herbal resources for treating rheumatoid arthritis: Chemical analysis, toxicity and activity evaluation. Chin J Nat Med 16(9):644–652. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1875-5364(18)30104-3
Yang J, Zhao F, Nie J (2017) Anti-rheumatic effects of Aconitum leucostomum Worosch. on human fibroblast-like synoviocyte rheumatoid arthritis cells. Exp Ther Med 14(1):453–460. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2017.4503
Yin TP, Cai L, He JM, Dong JW, Fang HX, Zhou H, Ding ZT (2014) Three new diterpenoid alkaloids from the roots of Aconitum duclouxii. J Asian Nat Prod Res 16(4):345–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2014.881802
Yin TP, Cai L, Fang HX, Fang YS, Li ZJ, Ding ZT (2015) Diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum vilmorinianum. Phytochemistry 116:314–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2015.05.002
Yin T, Zhou H, Cai L, Ding Z (2019) Non-alkaloidal constituents from the genus Aconitum: a review. RSC Adv 9(18):10184–10194. https://doi.org/10.1039/C9RA01219B
Yu J, Yin TP, Wang JP, Mei RF, Cai L, Ding ZT (2017) A new C20-diterpenoid alkaloid from the lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaeli. Nat Prod Res 31(2):228–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2016.1219863
Yuan CL, Wang XL (2012) Isolation of active substances and bioactivity of Aconitum sinomontanum Nakai. Nat Prod Res 26(22):2099–2102. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2011.616505
Yuan M, Konstantopoulos N, Lee J, Hansen L, Li ZW, Karin M, Shoelson SE (2001) Reversal of obesity-and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of Ikkβ. Science 293(5535):1673–1677. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1061620
Zhang CJ, Liu CM, Yun L, Li HY (2009) Chemical composition and antimicrobial activities of the essential oil of Aconitum tanguticum. J Chin Pharma Sci 18:240–244
Zhang YP, Du GJ, Sun T, Li JH, Liu WJ, Wang YY (2012) Anti-tumor effect of total alkaloids from Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata on breast cancer in mice. Zhong Cao Yao 43:1986–1990
Zhang H, Guo Z, Han L, You X, Xu Y (2014) The antitumor effect and mechanism of taipeinine A, a new C19-diterpenoid alkaloid from Aconitum taipeicum, on the HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line. J BUON 19(3):705–712
Zhang SP, Huang R, Li FF, Wei HX, Fang XW, Xie XS, Lin DG, Wu SH, He J (2016) Antiviral anthraquinones and azaphilones produced by an endophytic fungus Nigrospora sp. from Aconitum carmichaeli. Fitoterapia 112:85–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fitote.2016.05.013
Zhang JF, Li Y, Gao F, Shan LH, Zhou XL (2019) Four new C20-diterpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum rotundifolium. J Asian Nat Prod Res 21(7):716–724. https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2018.1473384
Zhang M, Peng Y, Wang M, Gao B, Zhao L, Li X (2019) The influence of compatibility of Si-Ni decoction with metabolism in intestinal bacteria on transports of toxic diterpenoid alkaloids from processed aconite root across Caco-2 monolayers. J Ethnopharmacol 228:164–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2018.09.022
Zhao Y, Bu Q, Zhou Y, Lv L, Yan G, Chen B, Wang L, Cen X (2010) Mechanism study of Aconitum-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells: Involvement of dopamine release and oxidative damage. Neurotoxicology 31(6):752–757. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuro.2010.06.005
Zhao JQ, Wang YM, Wang S, Dang J, Shi YP, Mei LJ, Tao YD (2016) A new isocoumarin from the aerial parts of Aconitum gymnandrum. Nat Prod Res 30(15):1746–1752. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2015.1137574
Zhou SJ, Du GY (2003) Effects of higenamine on the cardio-circulatory system. Zhongguo Zhong Yao Za Zhi 28(10):910–913
Zhou YP, Liu WH (2013) Review and reappraise on researches of Fuzi’s effect on cardiovarscular system, part one. Pharmacol Clin Chin Mater Med 2:198–205
Zhou G, Tang L, Zhou X, Wang T, Kou Z, Wang Z (2015) A review on phytochemistry and pharmacological activities of the processed lateral root of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux. J Ethnopharmacol 160:173–193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.043
Zwerina J, Redlich K, Schett G, Smolen JS (2005) Pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis: targeting cytokines. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1051(1):716–729. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1361.116
Acknowledgements
SA is thankful to Department of Science and Technology (DST), New Delhi, Govt. of India, for the Women Scientist-A project. RC is thankful to CSIR (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research [Grant No. MLP3012]) for Senior Research Fellowship. SGG, QPH and PS acknowledge CSIR-IIIM (Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine) for support in compilation of the manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SA wrote most of the manuscript and prepared the figures/tables. RC corrected the manuscript and wrote some portions. PS helped in correcting the manuscript. SGG and QPH conceived the idea of the manuscript, proof read the manuscript and figures.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Ethical statement
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Conflict of interest
Sabeena Ali has no conflict of interest. Rekha Chouhan has no conflict of interest. Phalisteen Sultan has no conflict of interest. Qazi Parvaiz Hassan has no conflict of interest. Sumit G. Gandhi has no conflict of interest
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ali, S., Chouhan, R., Sultan, P. et al. A comprehensive review of phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of the genus Aconitum L.. ADV TRADIT MED (ADTM) 23, 299–320 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-021-00565-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13596-021-00565-8