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Prospects of plant-derived exosome-like nanocarriers in oncology and tissue engineering

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Abstract

Almost all cell types, either in vivo or in vitro, create extracellular vesicles (EVs). Among them are exosomes (EXOs), i.e., tiny nanovesicles containing a lipid bilayer, proteins, and RNAs that are actively involved in cellular communication, indicating that they may be exploited as both diagnostics and therapeutics for conditions like cancer. These nanoparticles can also be used as nanocarriers in many types of research to carry agents such as drugs. Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticles (PENs) are currently under investigation as a substitute for EXOs formed from mammalian cells, allowing researchers to get beyond the technical constraints of mammalian vesicles. Because of their physiological, chemical, and biological properties, PENs have a lot of promise for use as nanocarriers in drug delivery systems that can deliver various dosages, especially when it comes to large-scale repeatability. The present study has looked at the origins and isolation techniques of PENs, their anticancer properties, their usage as nanocarriers in the treatment of different illnesses, and their antioxidant properties. These nanoparticles can aid in the achievement of therapeutic objectives, as they have benign, non-immunogenic side effects and can pass biological barriers. Time-consuming and perhaps damaging PEN separation techniques is used. For the current PEN separation techniques to be used in commercial and therapeutic settings, they must be altered. In this regard, the concurrent application of biological sciences can be beneficial for improving PEN separation techniques. PENs’ innate metabolic properties provide them a great deal of promise for application in drug delivery systems. However, there could be a risk to both the loaded medications and the intrinsic bioactive components if these particles are heavily armed with drugs. Therefore, to prevent these side effects, more studies are needed to devise sophisticated drug-loading procedures and to learn more about the physiology of PENs.

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Abbreviations

PEN:

Plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

EV:

Extracellular vesicle

EXO:

Exosome

GI:

Gastrointestinal

ELN:

Exosome-like nanoparticle

Edible-EN:

Edible plant-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

ILV:

Intraluminal vesicle

PBS:

Phosphate-buffered saline

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

ACACA:

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

DOX:

Doxorubicin

Ginger-EN:

Ginger-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Dmt1:

Divalent metal-ion transporter 1

ICG:

Indocyanine green

Aloe-EN:

Aloe-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Asparagus-EN:

Asparagus-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

PARP:

Poly ADP-ribose polymerase

AIF:

Apoptosis-inducing factor

Bitter melon-EN:

Bitter melon-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

MMP-9:

Matrix metalloproteinase-9

Corn-ENs:

Corn-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Cabbage-EN:

Cabbage-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

HDF:

Human dermal fibroblast

A-EV:

Aloe vera extracellular vesicle

CAA:

Cellular Antioxidant activity

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

HaCaT:

Human keratinocytes

Carex:

Nanovesicle from carrot

HepG2:

Human hepatoma

NAFLD:

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Garlic-EN:

Garlic-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

GDNP:

Ginger-derived nanoparticle

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

Grapefruit-EN:

Grapefruit-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Ginseng-EN:

Ginseng-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

TLR:

Toll-like receptor

MyD88:

Myeloid differentiation antigen 88

Dendropanax morbifera-EN:

Dendropanax morbifera-Derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Pinus densiflora-EN:

Pinus densiflora-Derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Moringa oleifera-EN:

Moringa oleifera-Derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Strawberry-EN:

Strawberry-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Blueberry-EN:

Blueberry-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Grape-EN:

Grape-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Broccoli-EN:

Broccoli-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Tea-EN:

Tea-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

Lemon-EN:

Lemon-derived exosome-like nanoparticle

H&E:

Hematoxylin and eosin

FA:

Folic acid

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Funding

This work was granted by the Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran (IR.KUMS.REC.1401.397).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Cancer Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran

    Shima Rahmati

  2. Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Hafez Karimi

  3. Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran

    Morteza Alizadeh

  4. Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

    Amir Hossein Khazaei

  5. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos

  6. REQUIMTE/LAQV, Group of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of the University of Coimbra, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal

    Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos

  7. Fertility and Infertility Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Leila Rezakhani

  8. Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran

    Leila Rezakhani

  9. Cancer Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran

    Esmaeel Sharifi

  10. Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, 6517838736, Iran

    Esmaeel Sharifi

Authors
  1. Shima Rahmati
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  2. Hafez Karimi
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  3. Morteza Alizadeh
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  4. Amir Hossein Khazaei
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  5. Ana Cláudia Paiva-Santos
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  6. Leila Rezakhani
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  7. Esmaeel Sharifi
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Leila Rezakhani or Esmaeel Sharifi.

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Rahmati, S., Karimi, H., Alizadeh, M. et al. Prospects of plant-derived exosome-like nanocarriers in oncology and tissue engineering. Human Cell 37, 121–138 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13577-023-00994-4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13577-023-00994-4

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