Abstract
With a focus on the development of sustainable energy solutions, this research focuses on biomass refinery conversion, this research focuses on the waste cooking oil (WCO) modification as fatty acid methyl ester using the heterogeneous catalyst of calcium oxide (CaO). Preceding liquid insulation production, WCO undergoes vacuum filtration and temperature-induced water evaporation to remove impurities. For enhancing feedstock suitability for transesterification, free fatty acids (FFAs) are eliminated through coal ash adsorption with WCO. The process employs CaO as a heterogeneous catalyst with optimized parameters. The study evaluates electrical and physicochemical parameters of the processed oil under normal and aging conditions based on ASTM and IEC standards, examining both new and aged conditions. The findings highlight improved WCO’s fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) characteristics after transesterification. Further inclusion of TBHQ and PG antioxidants (0.5wt% concentration) enhanced the oxidation stability index (OSI) by 3.5 times and 3 times, respectively. They also improve the breakdown voltage of the sample by 24.3% and 13.5% from its initial values. While aging of FAME with antioxidants minimally affects the breakdown voltage and OSI of the sample. This study draws attention to the potential for liquid insulation developed from waste cooking oil to mitigate environmental impact and promote eco-friendly practices in the energy and electrical sectors.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
References
Ogunkunle O, Ahmed NA (2019) A review of global current scenario of biodiesel adoption and combustion in vehicular diesel engines. Energy Rep 5:1560–1579
Kasirajan R (2021) Biodiesel production by two step process from an energy source of chrysophyllum albidum oil using homogeneous catalyst. S Afr J Chem Eng 37:161–166
Hafeez S, Al-Salem SM, Manos G, Constantinou A (2020) Fuel production using membrane reactors: a review. Environ Chem Lett 18:1477–1490
Osman A, Kumar M, Jamil F, Al-Haj L, Al Nabhani A, Kyaw HH, Myint MTZ, Mehta N, Rooney DW (2021) Circular economy approach of enhanced bifunctional catalytic system of CaO/CeO2 for biodiesel production from waste loquat seed oil with life cycle assessment study. Energy Convers Manag 236:114040
Rogelj J, Shindell D, Jiang K, Fifita S, Forster P, Ginzburg V, Handa C, Kheshgi H, Kobayashi S, Kriegler E (2023) Mitigation pathways compatible with 1.5 °C in the context of sustainable development. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Alade, Abass Olasesan, Ibukunoluwa Latifah, Odunola Ajibade, Oluwaseun Kayode, Adedotun Olu-Arotiowa, Olusesan Odesanmi, Afolabi (2022) Review on environmental impact and valourization of waste cooking oil. LAUTECH J Eng Tech 16(1):144–163
Madavan R, Saroja S, Karthick A et al (2022) Performance analysis of mixed vegetable oil as an alternative for transformer insulation oil. Biomass Conv Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-021-02142-0
Adekunle AA, Oparanti SO (2023) A review on physicochemical and electrical performance of vegetable oil-based nanofluids for high voltage equipment. Electr Power Syst Res 214:108873
Rafiq M, Lv YZ, Zhou Y, Ma KB, Wang W, Li CR, Wang Q (2015) Use of Vegetable Oils as Transformer Oils – A Review. Renew Sust Energy Rev 52:308–324
Raymon A, Karthik R (2015) Reclaiming aged transformer oil with activated bentonite and enhancing reclaimed and fresh transformer oils with antioxidants. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 22(1):548–555
Hosseinzadeh-Bandbafha H, Nizami AS, Kalogirou SA, Gupta VK, Park YK, Fallahi A, Sulaiman A, Ranjbari M, Rahnama H, Aghbashlo M (2022) Environmental life cycle assessment of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: a systematic review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 161:112411
Tabatabaei M, Aghbashlo M, Dehhaghi M, Panahi HKS, Mollahosseini A, Hosseini M, Soufiyan M (2019) Reactor technologies for biodiesel production and processing: a review. Prog Energy Combust Sci 74:239–303
Mansir N, Teo SH, Rashid U, Saiman MI, Tan YP, Alsultan A, Taufiq-Yap YH (2018) Modified waste egg shell derived bifunctional catalyst for biodiesel production from high FFA waste cooking oil. A review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82:3645–3655
Shin H-Y, An S-H, Sheikh R, Park YH, Bae S-Y (2012) Transesterification of used vegetable oils with a Cs-doped heteropolyacid catalyst in supercritical methanol. Fuel 96:572–578
Yan S, Salley SO, Ng KYS (2009) Simultaneous transesterification and esterification of unrefined or waste oils over ZnO-La2O3 catalysts. Appl Catal Gen 353:203–212
AbdRabu R, Janajreh I, Honnery D (2013) Transesterification of waste cooking oil: Process optimization and conversion rate evaluation. Ener Conv Manag 65:764–769
Cerón Ferrusca M, Romero R, Martínez SL, Ramírez-Serrano A, Natividad R (2023) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: a perspective on catalytic processes. Processes 11(7):1952
Athar M, Zaidi S (2020) A review of the feedstocks, catalysts, and intensification techniques for sustainable biodiesel production. J Env Chem Eng 8(6):104523
Thangaraj B, Solomon PR, Muniyandi B, Ranganathan S, Lin L (2019) Catalysis in biodiesel production—a review. Clean Energy 3(1):2–23
Miyuranga KV, Arachchige US, Marso TM, Samarakoon G (2023) Biodiesel production through the transesterification of waste cooking oil over typical heterogeneous base or acid catalysts. Catalysts 13(3):546
Malewska E, Polaczek K, Kurańska M (2022) Impact of various catalysts on transesterification of used cooking oil and foaming processes of polyurethane systems. Materials 15:7807
Erchamo YS, Mamo TT, Workneh GA (2021) Improved biodiesel production from waste cooking oil with mixed methanol–ethanol using enhanced eggshell-derived CaO nano-catalyst. Sci Rep 11:6708
Suzihaque MUH, Alwi H, Kalthum Ibrahim U, Abdullah S, Haron N (2022) Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: a brief review. Mater Today Proc 63:S490–S495
Staroń A, Papla A, Midura A, Kijania-Kontak M, Świergosz T, Banach M (2022) Physicochemical properties, strength and phytotoxicity of building blocks with waste cooking oil as binder. J Clean Prod 335:130316
Chairul IS, Bakar NA, Othman N, Ghani SA, Khiar MSA, Talib MA (2021) Potential of used cooking oil as dielectric liquid for oil-immersed power transformers. IEEE Trans Dielect Electr Insul 28(4):1400–1407
Deraman MN, Bakar NA, Aziz NHA, Chairul IS, Ghani SA (2020) The experimental study on the potential of waste cooking oil as a new transformer insulating oil. J Adv Res Flu Mech Ther Sci 69(1):74–84
Staron A (2023) Composite materials based on waste cooking oil for construction applications. Buildings 13(4):994
Staroń A, Pucelik B, Barzowska A (2024) Synthesis and characteristics of biocidal oil composites enhanced with thymol and salicylic acid. Clean Techn Environ Policy
Biodiesel EU (2022) “Towards HVO” oils fats international: Redhill
Claeys (2022) Used cooking oil (UCO) feedstock now accounts for one-fifth of all European biofuels. Proc ACI Oleofuels Conf
Global Information Inc (GII)—Premium Market Research Reports (2023) Used cooking oil market size, share, price & report 2023–2028
Muciño GG, Romero R, Ramírez A, Martínez SL, Baeza-Jiménez R, Natividad R (2014) Biodiesel production from used cooking oil and sea sand as heterogeneous catalyst. Fuel 138:143–148
Gaur A, Mishra S, Chowdhury S, Baredar P, Verma P (2021) A review on factor affecting biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: an Indian perspective. Mater Today Proc 46:5594–5600
Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (2021) Guidelines for UCO collection
Manikandan G, Kanna PR, Taler D, Sobota T (2023) Review of waste cooking oil (WCO) as a feedstock for biofuel—Indian perspective. Energies 16:1739
Susilowati E, Hasan A, Syarif A (2019) Free fatty acid reduction in a waste cooking oil as a raw material for biodiesel with activated coal ash adsorbent. J Phys Conf Ser 1167:012035
Sulaimanab NF, Ramlya NI, Mubinc MHA, Lee SL (2021) Transition metal oxide (NiO, CuO, ZnO)-doped calcium oxide catalysts derived from eggshells for the transesterification of refined waste cooking oil. RSC Adv 11:21781–21795
Ho WWS, Ng HK, Gan S (2022) Biodiesel synthesis from refined palm oil using a calcium oxide impregnated ash-based catalyst: parametric, kinetics, and product characterization studies. Catalysts 12:706
Leung DYC, Wu X, Leung MKH (2010) A review on biodiesel production using catalyzed transesterification. Appl Energy 87(4):1083–1095
Tomasevic AV, Siler-Marinkovic SS (2003) Methanolysis of used frying oil. Fuel Proc Technol 81:1–6
Wang Y, Ou S, Liu P, Xue F, Tang S (2006) Comparison of two different processes to synthesize biodiesel by waste cooking oil. J Mol Catal A Chem 252:107–112
Alhassan FH, Rashid U, Taufiq-Yap YH (2015) Synthesis of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel via effectual recyclable bi-functional Fe2O3-MnOSO42-/ZrO2 nanoparticle solid catalyst. Fuel 142:38–45
Deep A, Sandhu SS, Chander S (2017) Optimization of reaction parameters of transesterification for castor oil. J Sci Ind Res 76(2):115–118
Zhang, Li, Wang (2022) Kinetic modelling of esterification and transesterification processes for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Catalysts 12(11):1472
ASTM D4052–22 (2022) Standard test method for density, relative density, and API gravity of liquids by digital density meter
ASTM D445–21e2 (2022) Standard test method for kinematic viscosity of transparent and opaque liquids (and calculation of dynamic viscosity)
ASTM D6304–20 (2021) Standard test method for determination of water in petroleum products, lubricating oils, and additives by coulometric Karl Fischer titration
ASTM D664–18e2 (2019) Standard test method for acid number of petroleum products by potentiometric titration
ASTM D93–20 (2020) Standard test methods for flash point by pensky-martens closed cup tester
ASTM D97–17b (2022) Standard test method for pour point of petroleum products
ASTM D924–15 (2016) Standard test method for dissipation factor (or power factor) and relative permittivity (dielectric constant) of electrical insulating liquids
IEC 60156 (2018) Insulating liquids - determination of the breakdown voltage at power frequency - Test method
ASTM D1169–11 (2019) Standard test method for specific resistance (resistivity) of electrical insulating liquids
IEEE C57.147 (2018) IEEE guide for acceptance and maintenance of natural ester fluids in transformers
IEC 61125 (2018) Insulating liquids - test methods for oxidation stability - test method for evaluating the oxidation stability of insulating liquids in the delivered state
Wilhelm HM, Stocco MBC, Tulio L, Uhren W, Batista G (2013) Edible natural ester oils as potential insulating fluids. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 20(4):1395–1401
Varatharajana K, Pushparanib DS (2018) Screening of antioxidant additives for biodiesel fuels. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 82(3):2017–2028
Dung NV, Huong HL (2020) The effect of antioxidants on the physical and chemical properties of rice oil, corn oil, peanut oil and kraft paper. IEEE Trans Dielectr Electr Insul 27(5):1698–1706
Chairul IS, Bakar NA, Othman MN, Ab Ghani S, Ab Aziz NH (2020) Assessment of neutralized waste cooking oil as a potential transformer dielectric liquid. J Adv Res Flu Mech Ther Sci 66(1):76–83
Raymon A (2024) Transesterification approaches to natural esters for transformer insulating fluids: a review. IEEE Trans Dielect Electr Insul 31(2):607–614
Soni R, Mehta B (2023) A review on transformer condition monitoring with critical investigation of mineral oil and alternate dielectric fluids. Electr Power Syst Res 214-B:108954
Hemalatha N, Kamaraja AS, Bhuvanesh A et al (2023) Analysis on insulating characteristics of natural high oleic ester and mineral oil based blended oil under accelerated thermal aging exposure. Biomass Conv Bioref. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04842-1
Gutiérrez CM, Fernández AO, RenedoEstébanez CJ, Salas CO, Maina R (2023) Understanding the ageing performance of alternative dielectric fluids. IEEE Access 11:9656–9671
Raj RA, Sarathkumar D, Andrews LJB, Annamalai A, Venkatachary SK (2024) Extensive review on influence of additive addition in insulating oil for transformers. In: 2024 IEEE international students' conference on electrical, electronics and computer science (SCEECS). IEEE, pp 1–6
Yusri S, Andrews V, Sutanto H, Legowo EH, Herawati E (2023) Biodiesel additive performance from tertiary butylhydroquinone and surfactant glycerol monostearate. Inter J Renew Energy Res 13(2):871–878
Cong H, Hu X, Pan H, Li Q (2021) Micro-mechanism study on different antioxidants protective effect of vegetable oil by ReaxFF molecular dynamics. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems
Peng W, Xiong M, Deng X, Peng Z, Lu W, Zhao W, Zhang H (2021) AC breakdown performance of natural esters combined with different biodegradable antioxidants under accelerated thermal aging. IET Conf Proc 1571–1575
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
The authors confirm their contribution to the paper as follows: study conception and design: RP, CR, RM; data collection: TJ; analysis and interpretation of results: RP; draft manuscript preparation: RP, CR, RM, TJ. All authors reviewed the results and approved the final version of the manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent for publication
Not applicable.
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Prasad, R., Sreekanth, C., Muniraj, R. et al. Characterization and aging impact study on antioxidants with CaO catalyzed methyl ester from waste cooking oil as sustainable insulation as biorefinery approach. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05724-w
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05724-w