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Tailoring natural rubber composites via surface-modified nanocellulose whiskers with sodium isopropyl xanthate: characterization and performance analysis

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Abstract

The surface modification of nanocellulose whiskers is vital for improving the compatibility between hydrophilic nanocellulose whiskers (NCW) and hydrophobic natural rubber (NR). In this study, we surface-modified Acacia caesia-derived nanocellulose whiskers using an eco-friendly ball milling method with sodium isopropyl xanthate, a vulcanization accelerator. The resulting sodium isopropyl xanthate (SX)-modified nanocellulose whiskers were comprehensively characterized using various analyses. Incorporating 2 parts per hundred rubber (phr) of SX-modified NCW significantly enhanced tensile strength by 27% and tear strength by 57% compared to unfilled NR gum. Notably, the NR-NCW-SX-2 phr composite exhibited a 21% reduction in swelling index and a 10% decrease in nitrogen gas permeability relative to NR gum. Biodegradability increased with higher filler loadings. High-resolution TEM analysis revealed effective alignment of modified nanocellulose whiskers along rubber particle boundaries, forming a segregated network configuration. In summary, our study elucidates the impact of NCW-SX on NR latex, offering intriguing prospects for applications such as gloves, catheters, swim caps, and related products.

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All of the data sets that were included and/or examined in the present study can be obtained from the corresponding author upon request.

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Acknowledgements

Seena K. Thomas would like to acknowledge CSIR for the fellowship given for doing this work. The authors acknowledge Rubber Park India (P) Ltd., Airapuram; STIC, CUSAT; PSRT, CUSAT; and DOP, CUSAT, also for helping to do analysis in time. The authors also would like to acknowledge IUCND, CUSAT, and Anugop B. and Vijoy K.V. at International School of Photonics, CUSAT, for material characterization.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, -22, India

    Seena K. Thomas, P.M. Sabura Begum, K.V. Neenu & P. Dhanyasree

  2. Research & PG Department of Chemistry, Sree Sankara College, Kalady, Kerala, 683574, India

    Seena K. Thomas

  3. J. J. Murphy Research Centre, Rubber Park India Pvt. Ltd., Airapuram, Kerala, 683556, India

    P. Dileep

  4. School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi university, Kottayam, Kerala, 686560, India

    Lakshmipriya Ravindran

  5. Materials Chemistry Research Center (MCRC), Department of Chemistry, and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry (PERCH-CIC), Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand

    Chomsri Siriwong

  6. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao City, 266042, Shandong, China

    Yongxin Duan

  7. Université de Lorraine, CNRS, L2CM, F-57000, Metz, France

    Michael Badawi

  8. Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Thevara, Kochi, Kerala, 682013, India

    C. D. Midhun Dominic

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  1. Seena K. Thomas
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Contributions

Seena K. Thomas: conceptualization, methodology, visualization, and writing original draft; P. M. Sabura Begum: supervision; Neenu K. V.: investigation; Dhanyasree P.: data curation; Dileep P.: formal analysis and resources; Lakshmipriya Ravindran: investigation; Chomsri Siriwong: methodology, writing, reviewing, and editing; Yongxin Duan: writing, reviewing, and editing, Michael Badawi: resources, funding acquisition, writing, reviewing, and editing; Midhun Dominic C. D.: writing, reviewing, and editing.

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Correspondence to P.M. Sabura Begum or C. D. Midhun Dominic.

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Thomas, S.K., Begum, P.S., Neenu, K. et al. Tailoring natural rubber composites via surface-modified nanocellulose whiskers with sodium isopropyl xanthate: characterization and performance analysis. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05647-6

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