Abstract
In light of the escalating environmental concerns surrounding heavy metal pollution, particularly the widespread presence of lead, Pb(II) contaminants, there is a pressing need to advance our methods for efficient remediation. This urgency underscores the significance of developing innovative adsorbents, such as biochar functionalized with layered double hydroxide (LDH), as a promising solution to enhance the removal of Pb(II) pollutants from various environmental matrices. This study used co-precipitation to synthesize coconut fiber biochar/zinc-aluminium layered double hydroxide (CFBC-Zn/Al LDH). The CFBC-Zn/Al LDH serves as an adsorbent for removing Pb(II) in a series of batch adsorption tests. Three samples pyrolyzed at 500 °C, 600 °C, and 700 °C immobilized Zn-Al LDH. The chemical structure, surface area, and morphology analysis for the CFBC-Zn/Al LDH were investigated by analyzing X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). The SEM–EDX analysis revealed the presence of finely crystalline LDH within the textured surfaces of the original CFBC samples. Additionally, confirmation of the successful creation of Zn/Al LDH composites with CFBC was established through the appearance of corresponding peaks in both XRD and FTIR analyses. The removal of Pb(II) by the CFBC-Zn/Al LDH was studied by varying the pH of the solution, the initial concentration of Pb(II), and the contact time. A batch adsorption experiment demonstrated that the 700 °C pyrolyzed CFBC had great adsorption performance towards Pb(II). The maximum adsorption capacity for CFBC-Zn/Al LDH-700 Pb(II) samples was 163.89 mg/g at pH 6 for 200 mg/L. The Pb(II) removal for CFBC-Zn/Al LDH is greater than pristine CFBC samples. The adsorption was found to follow Langmuir and pseudo-second-order, respectively, according to both adsorption and kinetic isotherms models. Hence, the incorporation of Zn/Al LDH onto cost-effective coconut fiber biochar demonstrated superior adsorption efficiency for Pb(II) when compared to the unmodified coconut fiber biochar.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Not applicable.
References
Fang L, Huang T, Lu H et al (2023) Biochar-based materials in environmental pollutant elimination, H2 production and CO2 capture applications. Biochar 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00237-7
Nie F, Guan K, Zou C et al (2023) Synthesis of magnetic rice husk biochar and its application in the adsorption of Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04032-z
Liu R, Zhang Y, Hu B, Wang H (2022) Improved Pb(II) removal in aqueous solution by sulfide@biochar and polysaccharose-FeS@ biochar composites: Efficiencies and mechanisms. Chemosphere 287:132087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132087
Lin H, Yang D, Zhang C et al (2023) Selective removal behavior of lead and cadmium from calcium-rich solution by MgO loaded soybean straw biochars and mechanism analysis. Chemosphere 319:138010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138010
Zhang M, He T, Jin B (2023) Effect of mineral additives on pyrolytic characteristics and heavy metal behavior during co-pyrolysis of industrial sludge and hyperaccumulator plant. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 169:105827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2022.105827
Ye H, Yu K, Li B, Guo J (2023) Study on adsorption properties and mechanism of sodium hydroxide–modified ball-milled biochar to dislodge lead(II) and MB from water. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-03740-w
Amin MT, Alazba AA, Shafiq M (2021) Synthesis and characterization of zn/fe layered double hydroxide and its composites for copper adsorption from aqueous solution. Desalin Water Treat 218:281–293. https://doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2021.26948
Kumar PS, Gayathri R, Rathi BS (2021) A review on adsorptive separation of toxic metals from aquatic system using biochar produced from agro-waste. Chemosphere 285:131438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131438
Cheng S, Liu Y, Xing B et al (2021) Lead and cadmium clean removal from wastewater by sustainable biochar derived from poplar saw dust. J Clean Prod 314:128074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.128074
Hao Z, Nie D, Zhang M et al (2023) Polymer-microsphere coated with MoS2 nanoflowers for the removal of Pb(II) from water: Polydopamine-mediated MoS2 assembly and efficient Pb(II) adsorption. Chem Eng J 465:142721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.142721
Korpe S, Venkateswara Rao P (2022) A comparative analysis of degradation efficiencies using alum and orange peel waste for the treatment of tannery wastewater. Sustain Energy Technol Assessments 54:102860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102860
Qader M, Zwain HM, Hassan WH et al (2023) Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering Desalination of pigment industry wastewater by reverse osmosis using OPM-K membrane. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng 8:100401. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2023.100401
Chen C, Xie Y, Jia L, Zhang Y (2023) Synthesis of Zn-Al layered double oxides using eucalyptus leaf extract as template for efficient and ultrafast thorium(IV) removal. J Mol Liq 369:120973. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120973
Sun M, Ma Y, Yang Y, Zhu X (2023) Effect of iron impregnation ratio on the properties and adsorption of KOH activated biochar for removal of tetracycline and heavy metals. Bioresour Technol 380:129081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129081
Dalla FB, Lima VVC, Oliveira MLS et al (2020) Adsorptive potential of Zn – Al and Mg – Fe layered double hydroxides for the removal of 2 – nitrophenol from aqueous solutions. J Environ Chem Eng 8:103913. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.103913
Rashid J, Azam R, Kumar R et al (2019) Sulfonated polyether sulfone reinforced multiwall carbon nanotubes composite for the removal of lead in wastewater. Appl Nanosci 9:1695–1705. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-019-00953-2
Côrtes LN, Druzian SP, Streit AFM et al (2019) Biochars from animal wastes as alternative materials to treat colored effluents containing basic red 9. J Environ Chem Eng 7:103446. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2019.103446
Campos NF, Guedes GAJC, Oliveira LPS et al (2020) Competitive adsorption between Cu2+and Ni2+on corn cob activated carbon and the difference of thermal effects on mono and bicomponent systems. J Environ Chem Eng 8:104232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104232
Gong H, Zhao L, Rui X et al (2022) A Review of Pristine and Modified Biochar Immobilizing Typical Heavy Metals in Soil: Applications and Challenges. J Hazard Mater 128668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128668
Qiu B, Tao X, Wang H et al (2021) Biochar as a low-cost adsorbent for aqueous heavy metal removal: A review. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 155:105081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2021.105081
Wu P, Ata-Ul-Karim ST, Singh BP et al (2019) A scientometric review of biochar research in the past 20 years (1998–2018). Biochar 1:23–43. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-019-00002-9
Chen W, Meng J, Han X et al (2019) Past, present, and future of biochar. Biochar 1:75–87. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-019-00008-3
Yang Y, Tan X, Almatrafi E et al (2022) Alfalfa biochar supported Mg-Fe layered double hydroxide as filter media to remove trace metal(loid)s from stormwater. Sci Total Environ 844:156835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156835
Zhang A, Li X, Xing J, Xu G (2020) Adsorption of potentially toxic elements in water by modified biochar: A review. J Environ Chem Eng 8:104196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2020.104196
Vidakis N, Kalderis D, Petousis M, et al (2023) Biochar filler in MEX and VPP additive manufacturing: characterization and reinforcement effects in polylactic acid and standard grade resin matrices. Biochar 5. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42773-023-00238-6
Kumar A, Bhattacharya T, Shaikh WA et al (2023) Multifaceted applications of biochar in environmental management: a bibliometric profile. Springer Nature Singapore
Abdul Rahim AR, Mohsin HM, Thanabalan M et al (2020) Effective carbonaceous desiccated coconut waste adsorbent for application of heavy metal uptakes by adsorption: Equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamics analysis. Biomass Bioenerg 142:105805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2020.105805
Wang S, Bian S, Liu J et al (2021) Highly adsorptive pristine and magnetic biochars prepared from crayfish shell for removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II). J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 127:175–185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2021.08.004
Wang H, Wang S, Chen Z et al (2020) Engineered biochar with anisotropic layered double hydroxide nanosheets to simultaneously and efficiently capture Pb2+ and CrO42− from electroplating wastewater. Bioresour Technol 306:123118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123118
Palapa NR, Taher T, Siregar PMSBN et al (2021) High Structural Stability and Adsorption Capacity of Zn/Al-Biochar and Cu/Al-Biochar Toward Adsorption of Cr(VI). J Ecol Eng 22:213–223. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/134153
Salehi S, Alijani S, Anbia M (2020) Enhanced adsorption properties of zirconium modified chitosan-zeolite nanocomposites for vanadium ion removal. Int J Biol Macromol 164:105–120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.07.055
Kumar OP, Ashiq MN, Shah SSA et al (2021) Nanoscale ZrRGOCuFe layered double hydroxide composites for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of dye contaminant. Mater Sci Semicond Process 128:105748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2021.105748
Wang H, Liu R, Yue J et al (2022) Removal of methylene blue by Zn - Al layered double oxide / magnetic biochar derived from waste pineapple peel. Biomass Convers Biorefinery. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02998-w
Ait Ichou A, Benhiti R, Abali M et al (2023) Characterization and sorption study of Zn2[FeAl]-CO3 layered double hydroxide for Cu(II) and Pb(II) removal. J Solid State Chem 320:123869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jssc.2023.123869
Feng X, Long R, Wang L et al (2021) A review on heavy metal ions adsorption from water by Layered Double Hydroxide and its composites. Sep Purif Technol 120099. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120099
Sirajudheen P, Karthikeyan P, Meenakshi S (2020) Mechanistic performance of organic pollutants removal from water using Zn/Al layered double hydroxides imprinted carbon composite. Surfaces and Interfaces 20:100581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2020.100581
Li R, Wang JJ, Zhou B et al (2016) Enhancing phosphate adsorption by Mg/Al layered double hydroxide functionalized biochar with different Mg/Al ratios. Sci Total Environ 559:121–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.151
Janani FZ, Taoufik N, Khiar H et al (2021) Nanostructured layered double hydroxides based photocatalysts: Insight on synthesis methods, application in water decontamination/splitting and antibacterial activity. Surfaces Interfaces 25:101263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfin.2021.101263
Mittal J (2021) Recent progress in the synthesis of Layered Double Hydroxides and their application for the adsorptive removal of dyes: A review. J Environ Manage 295:113017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113017
Liang W, Wang G, Peng C et al (2022) Recent advances of carbon-based nano zero valent iron for heavy metals remediation in soil and water: A critical review. J Hazard Mater 426:127993. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127993
Gautam RK, Singh AK, Tiwari I (2022) Nanoscale layered double hydroxide modified hybrid nanomaterials for wastewater treatment: A review. J Mol Liq 350:118505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118505
Huang S, Ouyang T, Chen J et al (2022) Synthesis of nickel–iron layered double hydroxide via topochemical approach: Enhanced surface charge density for rapid hexavalent chromium removal. J Colloid Interface Sci 605:602–612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.091
Mahmoud ME, El-Bahy SM, Elweshahy SMT (2021) Decorated Mn-ferrite nanoparticle@Zn–Al layered double hydroxide@Cellulose@ activated biochar nanocomposite for efficient remediation of methylene blue and mercury (II). Bioresour Technol 342:126029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126029
Li A, Deng H, Wu Y et al (2021) Strong Adsorption of Phosphorus by ZnAl-LDO-Activated Banana Biochar: An Analysis of Adsorption Efficiency, Thermodynamics, and Internal Mechanisms. ACS Omega 6:7402–7412. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c05674
Su X, Chen Y, Li Y et al (2022) Enhanced adsorption of aqueous Pb(II) and Cu(II) by biochar loaded with layered double hydroxide: Crucial role of mineral precipitation. J Mol Liq 119083. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2022.119083
Huang WH, Chang YJ, Wu RM et al (2023) Type-wide biochars loaded with Mg/Al layered double hydroxide as adsorbent for phosphate and mixed heavy metal ions in water. Environ Res 224:115520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.115520
Han Q, Wang A, Zhang J (2023) Research on the removal of Cr(VI) ions from wastewater by Mg/Al-layered double oxides. Mater Today Chem 29:101466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtchem.2023.101466
Li X, Shi Z, Zhang J et al (2023) Aqueous Cr (VI) removal performance of an invasive plant-derived biochar modified by Mg/Al-layered double hydroxides. Colloids Interface Sci Commun 53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colcom.2023.100700
Song W, Zhang X, Zhang L et al (2023) Removal of various aqueous heavy metals by polyethylene glycol modified MgAl-LDH: Adsorption mechanisms and vital role of precipitation. J Mol Liq 375:121386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2023.121386
Cheng X, Deng J, Li X et al (2022) Layered double hydroxides loaded sludge biochar composite for adsorptive removal of benzotriazole and Pb(II) from aqueous solution. Chemosphere 287:131966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131966
Khan MH, Akash NM, Akter S et al (2023) A comprehensive review of coconut-based porous materials for wastewater treatment and CO2 capture. J Environ Manage 338:117825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117825
Silaen L, Elfita E, Mohadi R et al (2021) Soft Ion Divalent Metals toward Adsorption on Zn/Al-POM Layered Double Hydroxide. J Ecol Eng 22:109–120. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/142122
David E (2023) Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis Upgrading the corn cob pyrolysis vapors by processing over catalysts based on aluminium slag and the assessment of the produced bio-oil. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 175:106197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaap.2023.106197
Xu H, Zhu S, Xia M et al (2022) Three-dimension hierarchical composite via in-situ growth of Zn/Al layered double hydroxide plates onto polyaniline-wrapped carbon sphere for efficient naproxen removal. J Hazard Mater 423:127192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127192
Zhu S, Asim Khan M, Wang F et al (2020) Rapid removal of toxic metals Cu2+ and Pb2+ by amino trimethylene phosphonic acid intercalated layered double hydroxide: A combined experimental and DFT study. Chem Eng J 392:123711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123711
Gao X, Peng Y, Guo L et al (2020) Arsenic adsorption on layered double hydroxides biochars and their amended red and calcareous soils. J Environ Manage 271:111045. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111045
Cui Z, Xu G, Ormeci B, Hao J (2023) Kill two birds with one stone: The management of hazardous waste and the preparation of efficient adsorbents for Pb(II) were realized by the pyrolysis of penicillin mycelial dreg. Environ Pollut 316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120508
Abo Markeb A, Moral-Vico J, Sánchez A, Font X (2023) Optimization of lead (II) removal from water and wastewater using a novel magnetic nanocomposite of aminopropyl triethoxysilane coated with carboxymethyl cellulose cross-linked with chitosan nanoparticles. Arab J Chem 16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.105022
Praipipat P, Ngamsurach P, Pratumkaew K (2023) The synthesis, characterizations, and lead adsorption studies of chicken eggshell powder and chicken eggshell powder-doped iron (III) oxide-hydroxide. Arab J Chem 16:104640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104640
Johnson VE, Liao Q, Jallawide BW et al (2023) Simultaneous removal of As(V) and Pb(II) using highly-efficient modified dehydrated biochar made from banana peel via hydrothermal synthesis. Colloids Surfaces A Physicochem Eng Asp 663:131115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131115
Djezar H, Rida K, Salhi M (2022) Efficient adsorbent for the removal of methyl orange and Congo red by calcined Zn-Al layered double hydroxide. Inorg Nano-Metal Chem 52:161–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/24701556.2020.1869781
Farouz M, El-Dek SI, ElFaham MM, Eldemerdash U (2022) Ecofriendly sustainable synthetized nano-composite for removal of heavy metals from aquatic environment. Appl Nanosci 12:1585–1600. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13204-021-02331-3
Tan Y, Wan X, Zhou T et al (2022) Novel Zn-Fe engineered kiwi branch biochar for the removal of Pb(II) from aqueous solution. J Hazard Mater 424:127349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127349
Thangagiri B, Sakthivel A, Jeyasubramanian K et al (2022) Removal of hexavalent chromium by biochar derived from Azadirachta indica leaves: Batch and column studies. Chemosphere 286:131598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131598
Sahu UK, Ji W, Liang Y et al (2022) Mechanism enhanced active biochar support magnetic nano zero-valent iron for efficient removal of Cr(VI) from simulated polluted water. J Environ Chem Eng 107077. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2021.107077
Asha PK, Deepak K, Prashanth MK et al (2023) Ag decorated Zn-Al layered double hydroxide for adsorptive removal of heavy metals and antimicrobial activity: Numerical investigations, statistical analysis and kinetic studies. Environ Nanotechnol, Monit Manag 20:100787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2023.100787
Gao L, Li Z, Yi W et al (2023) Effective Pb2+ adsorption by calcium alginate/modified cotton stalk biochar aerogel spheres: With application in actual wastewater. J Environ Chem Eng 11:109074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.109074
Abasi CY, Diagboya PNE, Dikio ED (2019) Layered double hydroxide of cobalt-zinc-aluminium intercalated with carbonate ion: preparation and Pb(II) ion removal capacity. Int J Environ Stud 76:251–265. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2018.1517935
Jamhour RMAQ, Ababneh TS, Al-Rawashdeh AI et al (2016) Adsorption kinetics, Adsorption isotherms, Layered Double Hydroxides, Nitrilotriacetate, Adsorbents, Nickel(II) and lead(II) ions; Adsorption kinetics, Adsorption isotherms, Layered Double Hydroxides, Nitrilotriacetate, Adsorbents, Nickel(II) and lead(II). 6:17–33. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.aac.20160601.03
Li J, Gao L, Hong J et al (2023) Prominent removal of trace lead (II) ions from polluted water by terephthalic acid reformed Al/Zn metal organic nanoflakes. Particuology 84:81–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2023.02.020
Shafiq M, Alazba AA, Amin MT (2023) Preparation of ZnMgAl-Layered Double Hydroxide and Rice Husk Biochar Composites for Cu(II) and Pb(II) Ions Removal from Synthetic Wastewater. Water (Switzerland) 15:1–18. https://doi.org/10.3390/w15122207
Bian P, Shao Q (2023) Performance and Mechanism of Functionalized Water Hyacinth Biochar for Adsorption and Removal of Benzotriazole and Lead in Water. Int J Mol Sci 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108936
Funding
The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the financial support provided under the Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS/1/2020/STG05/UTM/02/1, VOT NO. 5F369) and UTM High Impact Research Grant (Project Number: Q.J130000.2451.08G36) in completing this work. The main author would like to acknowledge the support from Universiti Teknologi Malaysia for the ZAMALAH scholarship.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Nor Asikin Awang contributed to the material preparation, writing, methodology, and conception. Wan Norharyati Wan Salleh contributed to the validation, funding, and supervision. Norhaniza Yusof and Farhana Aziz were involved in data curation and editing. Siti Zu Nurain Ahmad was responsible for format analysis and resources. Ahmad Fauzi Ismail contributed data processing guidance.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Ethical approval
The research meets the ethical approval, including adherence to the legal requirements of the study country.
Consent to participate
The article has been written by the stated authors who are all aware of its content and approve its submission.
Competing interests
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no competing interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Awang, N.A., Salleh, W.N.W., Yusof, N. et al. Zn/Al LDH immobilized onto coconut fiber biochar for Pb (II) removal: effect of pyrolysis temperature. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05296-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-024-05296-9