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Pine needles, a forest waste biomass, driven biosorbent for malachite green dye

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Abstract

Utilization of whole lignocellulosic biomass waste to synthesize value-added functional materials is an appealing approach both from economic and environmental viewpoints. In the present study, a simple synthetic protocol was employed to convert fallen dry forest lignocellulosic biomass, i.e. whole pine needles (WPN), into a cost-effective and effective dye adsorbent. The alkaline treatment of WPN was performed using sodium hydroxide, and the resultant alkali-treated WPN (AWPN) was explored as adsorbent using a range of dyes. Batch experiments were conducted to optimize various parameters, viz. including initial dye concentrations. Amidst range of dyes studied, AWPN showed maximum adsorption of malachite green (MG). The maximum adsorption was obtained with MG %removal (>95%) within 30 min. The adsorbent (loaded and unloaded) was characterized through various analytical techniques. Fitting of the kinetic data to pseudo-second-order model implied that adsorption was via the chemisorption mechanism. Validity of kinetic model fitness was further confirmed by low chi-square (χ2) and normalized standard deviation (Δq%) values. Isotherm studies followed Langmuir isotherm signifying monolayer adsorption with Langmuir maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of 377.36 mg/g. AWPN is regenerable and reusable for six cycles with appreciable cumulative adsorption capacity of 1093.99 mg/g. With rapid and effective adsorption capacity, the main highlight of the synthesized adsorbent was its simple modification involving minimal use of chemicals that ensures cost-effectiveness and no energy consumption.

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Funding

The authors acknowledge the financial support in the form of funding from Emeritus Scientist Scheme, No. 21(1092)/19/EMR-II dated 24.05.2019 under CSIR, India, and infrastructural facilities provided by the Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, 171005, India.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, 171005, India

    Sunita Ranote, Sandeep Chauhan, Kiran Kumar & Ghanshyam S. Chauhan

  2. Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St, 41-819, Zabrze, Poland

    Sunita Ranote & Marek Kowalczuk

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Contributions

Sunita Ranote: conceptualization, data curation, formal analysis, methodology, investigation, validation, writing—original draft; Marek Kowalczuk: software, writing—review and editing; Kiran Kumar: resources, software; Sandeep Chauhan: formal analysis, validation, software; Ghanshyam S. Chauhan: conceptualization, supervision, visualization, funding acquisition, writing—review and editing.

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Correspondence to Ghanshyam S. Chauhan.

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Ranote, S., Chauhan, S., Kumar, K. et al. Pine needles, a forest waste biomass, driven biosorbent for malachite green dye. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04611-0

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