Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Characterization of Tectona grandis leaf litter compost: an ecological approach for converting leaf litter waste into organic product using composting

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Safe management of plant and animal waste is one of the most pressing environmental issues the world is facing today. In the present study, leaf litter (LF) waste of Tectona grandis was combined in different ratios with cattle dung (CD) on dry weight basis. It was observed that within 120 days, leaf litter underwent considerable alterations in nutritional availability. Among different combinations of leaf litter, a significant percentage decrease in physico-chemical parameters was observed as the following: pH (9.43–1.78%), total organic carbon (30.10–20.04%), C:N ratio (62.88–34.95%), while significant increase in total nitrogen (11.31–103.75%), total phosphorus (53.85–103.31%), and total potassium (39.27–262.32%) and EC (10.16–30.71%). Similarly for heavy metals, significant percentage decrease was observed for Cr (99.23–33.13%), Cd (35.29–9.76%), Pb (65.84–53.64%), and Ni (72.88–11.79%), whereas increase for Zn (19.76–113.41%). The study was further performed to explore the germination index (GI) values using Lepidium sativum seeds and GI was observed as 42.19–99.13%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the irregularities of the compost (120 days) with a higher porous texture. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) revealed excellent compost maturity. The study revealed that composting could be a sustainable method for recycling agrarian waste into organic fertilizers, which can help in increasing productivity by enhancing nutrient supply and decreasing heavy metal extractability.

Graphical Abstract

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

All relevant data has been provided in the manuscript.

References

  1. Nagar R, Titov A, Bhati P (2017) vermicomposting of leaf litters: way to convert waste in to Best. Int J Curr Sci 20(4):17–25

    Google Scholar 

  2. Parzych AE (2022) Urban leaf litters as a potential compost component. J Ecol Eng 23(4):250–260. https://doi.org/10.12911/22998993/146327

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Goyal S, Dhull SK, Kapoor KK (2005) Chemical and biological changes during composting of different organic wastes and assessment of compost maturity. Bioresour Technol 96(14):1584–1591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Padhan K, Patra RK, Sethi D, Panda N, Sahoo SK, Pattanayak SK, Senapati AK (2023) Isolation, characterization and identification of cellulose-degrading bacteria for composting of agro-wastes. Biomass Conversion Biorefinery 20:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04087-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Nakasaki K, Nag K, Karita S (2005) Microbial succession associated with organic matter decomposition during thermophilic composting of organic waste. Waste Manag Res 23(1):48–56. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734242X05049771

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Meena AL, Karwal M, Dutta D, Mishra RP (2021) Composting: phases and factors responsible for efficient and improved composting. Agric Food: e-Newsletter 1:85–90

    Google Scholar 

  7. Parkinson R, Gibbs P, Burchett S, Misselbrook T (2004) Effect of turning regime and seasonal weather conditions on nitrogen and phosphorus losses during aerobic composting of cattle manure. Bioresour Technol 91(2):171–178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Singh RP, Pandey JK, Rutot D, Degée P, Dubois P (2003) Biodegradation of poly (ε-caprolactone)/starch blends and composites in composting and culture environments: the effect of compatibilization on the inherent biodegradability of the host polymer. Carbohydr Res 338(17):1759–1769. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6215(03)00236-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Jimenez EI, Garcia VP (1989) Evaluation of city refuse compost maturity: a review. Biol Wastes 27(2):115–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90039-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Ezugworie FN, Okeh OC, Onwosi CO (2022) Reducing compost phytotoxicity during co-composting of poultry litter, vegetable waste, and corn stalk: mixture experimental design approach. Int J Environ Sci Technol 19:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-022-04161-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Ravindran B, Awasthi MK, Karmegam N, Chang SW, Chaudhary DK, Selvam A, Nguyen DD, Milon AR, Munuswamy-Ramanujam G (2022) Co-composting of food waste and swine manure augmenting biochar and salts: Nutrient dynamics, gaseous emissions and microbial activity. Bioresour Technol 344:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Anwar Z, Irshad M, Fareed I, Saleem A (2015) Characterization and recycling of organic waste after co-composting-a review. J Agri Sci 7(4):68. https://doi.org/10.5539/jas.v7n4p68

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Anwar Z, Irshad M, Mahmood Q, Hafeez F, Bilal M (2017) Nutrient uptake and growth of spinach as affected by cow manure co-composted with poplar leaf litter. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 6:79–88. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-017-0154-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Gogulnath R, Prasanthrajan M (2019) Composting technology for Dalbergia sissoo and Grewia tiliifolia leaf litter. Int J Commun Syst 7(4):1508–1512

    Google Scholar 

  15. Singh NK, Shahi K, Kumar K, Suthar S (2021) Enhanced vermicomposting of leaf litter by white-rot fungi pretreatment and subsequent feeding by Eisenia fetida under a two-stage process. Bioresour Technol Rep 13:100609. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100609

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Gajalakshmi S, Ramasamy EV, Abbasi SA (2005) Composting–vermicomposting of leaf litter ensuing from the trees of mango (Mangifera indica). Bioresour Technol 96(9):1057–1061. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.09.002

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Eghball B, Lesoing GW (2000) Viability of weed seeds following manure windrow composting. Compost Sci Util 8(1):46–53. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2000.10701749

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. John MK (1970) Colorimetric determination of phosphorus in soil and plant materials with ascorbic acid. Soil Sci 109(4):214–220

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Keeney DR, Nelson DW (1982) Nitrogen-inorganic forms. In: Page AL (ed) Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 2: Chemical and Microbiological Properties. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, pp 643–698

    Google Scholar 

  20. Nelson DW, Sommers LE (1982) Total carbon and organic carbon and organic matter. In: Page AL, Miller RH, Keeney DR (eds) Method of Soil Analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 539–579

    Google Scholar 

  21. Bremner JM, Mulvaney RG (1982) In: Page AL, Millar RH, Keeney DR (eds) Nitrogen total in method of soil analysis. American Society of Agronomy, Madison, pp 575–624

  22. Jackson ML (1973) Soil chemical analysis. Prentice-Hall of India (Pvt.) Ltd, New Delhi

  23. Manas P, De las Heras J (2018) Phytotoxicity test applied to sewage sludge using Lactuca sativa L. and Lepidium sativum L. seeds. Int J Environ Sci Technol 15:273–280. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-017-1386-z

  24. Queda AC, Vallini G, Agnolucci M, Coelho CA, Campos L, de Sousa RB (2002) Microbiological and chemical characterisation of composts at different levels of maturity, with evaluation of phytotoxicity and enzymatic activities. Springer, Berlin Heidelberg, pp 345–355

    Google Scholar 

  25. Bożym M, Król A, Mizerna K (2021) Leachate and contact test with Lepidium sativum L. to assess the phytotoxicity of waste. Int J Environ Sci Technol 18:1975–1990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Batista-Barwinski MJ, Venturieri GA, Miller PRM, Testolin RC, Niero G, Somensi CA, Almerindo GI, Areiente-Neto R, Radetski CM, Cotelle S (2022) Swine slaughterhouse biowaste: an environmental sustainability assessment of composting, amended soil quality, and phytotoxicity. Environ Technol 1–8

  27. Zucconi F, Pera A, Forte M, de Bertoldi M (1981) Evaluating toxicity of immature compost. Biocycle 22(4):54–57

    Google Scholar 

  28. Selim SM, Zayed MS, Atta HM (2012) Evaluation of phytotoxicity of compost during composting process. Nat Sci 10(2):69–77

    Google Scholar 

  29. Roca-Perez L, Marimón L, Campillo C, Ponce L, Boluda R (2011) Assessing compost phytotoxicity using compost eluates and a compost plate bioassay. In International Symposium on Growing Media, Composting and Substrate Analysis 1013:95–100

  30. Tiquia SM, Tam NF, Hodgkiss IJ (1996) Effects of composting on phytotoxicity of spent pig-manure sawdust litter. Environ Pollut 93(3):249–256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Gehringer MM, Kewada V, Coates N, Downing TG (2003) The use of Lepidium sativum in a plant bioassay system for the detection of microcystin-LR. Toxicon 41(7):871–876. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0041-0101(03)00049-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Humaira MS, Sinha MR (2016) Phytotoxicity evaluation of MSWC by germination of gram seeds (Cicer arietinum) and fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum). Int J Res Agric Sci 3(3):2348–3997

  33. Gomez-Brandón M, Lazcano C, Domínguez J (2008) The evaluation of stability and maturity during the composting of cattle manure. Chemosphere 70(3):436–444. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.06.065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Rai R, Suthar S (2020) Composting of toxic weed Parthenium hysterophorus: Nutrient changes, the fate of faecal coliforms, and biopesticide property assessment. Bioresour Technol 311:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Satisha GC, Devarajan L (2007) Effect of amendments on windrow composting of sugar industry pressmud. Waste Manag 27(9):1083–1091. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2006.04.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Patra RK, Behera D, Mohapatra KK, Sethi D, Mandal M, Patra AK, Ravindran B (2022) Juxtaposing the quality of compost and vermicompost produced from organic wastes amended with cow dung. Environ Res 214:114119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Wang G, Kong Y, Liu Y, Li D, Zhang X, Yuan J, Li G (2020) Evolution of phytotoxicity during the active phase of co-composting of chicken manure, tobacco powder and mushroom substrate. Waste Manag 114:25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2020.06.034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. Singh WR, Kalamdhad AS (2014) Potential for composting of green phumdi biomass of Loktak lake. Ecol Eng 67:119–126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Soumaré M, Demeyer A, Tack FM, Verloo MG (2002) Chemical characteristics of Malian and Belgian solid waste composts. Bioresour Technol 81(2):97–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(01)00125-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  40. Cai L, Gong X, Sun X, Li S, Yu X (2018) Comparison of chemical and microbiological changes during the aerobic composting and vermicomposting of green waste. PloS One 13(11):e0207494. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0207494

    Article  Google Scholar 

  41. Petrochenko KA, Kurovsky AV, Babenko AS, Yakimov YuE (2015) A case study of woody leaf litter vermicompost as a promising calcium fertilizer. Bulg J Agric Sci 25(4):646–653

    Google Scholar 

  42. Kalemelawa F, Nishihara E, Endo T, Ahmad Z, Yeasmin R, Tenywa MM, Yamamoto S (2012) An evaluation of aerobic and anaerobic composting of banana peels treated with different inoculums for soil nutrient replenishment. Bioresour Technol 126:375–382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.04.030

    Article  Google Scholar 

  43. Alidadi H, Hosseinzadeh A, Najafpoor AA, Esmaili H, Zanganeh J, Takabi MD, Piranloo FG (2016) Waste recycling by vermicomposting: Maturity and quality assessment via dehydrogenase enzyme activity, lignin, water soluble carbon, nitrogen, phosphorous and other indicators. J Envron Manag 182:134–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.07.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Galvez-Sola L, Morales J, Mayoral AM, Marhuenda-Egea FC, Martinez-Sabater E, Perez-Murcia MD, Bustamante MA, Paredes C, Moral R (2010) Estimation of phosphorus content and dynamics during composting: use of near infrared spectroscopy. Chemosphere 78(1):13–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.09.059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Divakar M, Prasanthrajan M (2019) Composting of tree leaf litter using fruit based effective microorganisms. J Pharmacogn Phytochem 8(4):2663–2667

    Google Scholar 

  46. Meng F, Yuan G, Wei J, Bi D, Ok YS, Wang H (2017) Humic substances as a washing agent for Cd-contaminated soils. Chemosphere 181:461–467. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.127

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Irshad M, Inoue M, Shezadi M, Khan T, Faridullah (2011) Ammonium, phosphorus and potassium release from animal manure during composting. J Food Agri Environ 9(2):629–631

    Google Scholar 

  48. Aalok A, Tripathi AK (2010) Composting-Vermicomposting of different types of leaves using earthworm species Eisenia fetida. Dyn Soil Dyn Plant 4:139–144

    Google Scholar 

  49. Huang GF, Fang M, Wu QT, Zhou LX, Liao XD, Wong JW (2001) Co-composting of pig manure with leaves. Environ Technol 22(10):1203–1212. https://doi.org/10.1080/09593332208618207

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Negi R, Suthar S (2018) Degradation of paper mill wastewater sludge and cow dung by brown-rot fungi Oligoporus placenta and earthworm (Eisenia fetida) during vermicomposting. J Clean Prod 201:842–852. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.068

    Article  Google Scholar 

  51. Chikae M, Ikeda R, Kerman K, Morita Y, Tamiya E (2006) Estimation of maturity of compost from food wastes and agro-residues by multiple regression analysis. Bioresour Technol 97(16):1979–1985. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2005.09.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  52. Guo R, Li G, Jiang T, Schuchardt F, Chen T, Zhao Y, Shen Y (2012) Effect of aeration rate, C/N ratio and moisture content on the stability and maturity of compost. Bioresour Technol 112:171–178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2012.02.099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Azim K, Soudi B, Boukhari S, Perissol C, Roussos S, Thami Alami I (2018) Composting parameters and compost quality: a literature review. Org Agric 8:141–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13165-017-0180-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Iqbal MK, Nadeem A, Sherazi F, Khan RA (2015) Optimization of process parameters for kitchen waste composting by response surface methodology. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12:1759–1768. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13762-014-0543-x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Wu J, Zhao Y, Qi H, Zhao X, Yang T, Du Y, Zhang H, Wei Z (2017) Identifying the key factors that affect the formation of humic substance during different materials composting. Bioresour Technol 244:1193–1196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.100

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Singh SI, Singh WR, Bhat SA, Sohal B, Khanna N, Vig AP, Ameen F, Jones S (2022) Vermiremediation of allopathic pharmaceutical industry sludge amended with cattle dung employing Eisenia fetida. Environ Res 214:113766. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.113766

    Article  Google Scholar 

  57. Suthar S, Singh NK (2022) Fungal pretreatment facilitates the rapid and valuable composting of waste cardboard. Bioresour Technol 344:126178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126178

    Article  Google Scholar 

  58. Yadav A, Garg VK (2011) Vermicomposting–An effective tool for the management of invasive weed Parthenium hysterophorus. Bioresour Technol 102(10):5891–5895. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.02.062

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Boruah T, Barman A, Kalita P, Lahkar J, Deka H (2019) Vermicomposting of citronella bagasse and paper mill sludge mixture employing Eisenia fetida. Bioresour Technol 294:122147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122147

    Article  Google Scholar 

  60. Sharma P, Kaur J, Katnoria JK (2023) Assessment of spatial variations in pollution load of agricultural soil samples of Ludhiana district. Punjab Environ Monit Assess 195(1):222. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-022-10816-z

    Article  Google Scholar 

  61. Singh J, Kalamdhad AS (2013) Bioavailability and leachability of heavy metals during composting—a review. Int Res J Environ Sci 2(4):59–64

    Google Scholar 

  62. Amir S, Hafidi M, Merlina G, Revel JC (2005) Sequential extraction of heavy metals during composting of sewage sludge. Chemosphere 59(6):801–810. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2004.11.016

    Article  Google Scholar 

  63. He MM, Tian GM, Liang XQ (2009) Phytotoxicity and speciation of copper, zinc and lead during the aerobic composting of sewage sludge. J Hazard Mater 163(2–3):671–677. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  64. Fang M, Wong JW (1999) Effects of lime amendment on availability of heavy metals and maturation in sewage sludge composting. Environ Pollut 106(1):83–89. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00056-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  65. Zhao X, Wei Y, Fan Y, Zhang F, Tan W, He X, Xi B (2018) Roles of bacterial community in the transformation of dissolved organic matter for the stability and safety of material during sludge composting. Bioresour Technol 267:378–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  66. Zucconi F (1985) Phytotoxins during the stabilization of organic matter. Comp Agric Wastes 1985:73–85

    Google Scholar 

  67. Emino ER, Warman PR (2004) Biological assay for compost quality. Compost Sci Util 12(4):342–348. https://doi.org/10.1080/1065657X.2004.10702203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  68. Wong JW, Mak KF, Chan NW, Lam A, Fang M, Zhou LX, Wu QT, Liao XD (2001) Co-composting of soybean residues and leaves in Hong Kong. Bioresour Technol 76(2):99–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0960-8524(00)00103-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  69. Aggelis G, Ehaliotis C, Nerud F, Stoychev I, Lyberatos G, Zervakis G (2002) Evaluation of white-rot fungi for detoxification and decolorization of effluents from the green olive debittering process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:353–360. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-002-1005-9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  70. Basil A, Christopher AO, Chinweizu ON, Arinze CJ, Bright UO, Cynthia OE (2020) Phyto–toxicity evaluation of agro–waste formulated compost on five different plant seeds. Int J Eng Sci 9(12):21–26. https://doi.org/10.9790/1813-0912012126

  71. Meunchang S, Panichsakpatana S, Weaver RW (2005) Co-composting of filter cake and bagasse; by-products from a sugar mill. Bioresour Technol 96(4):437–442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2004.05.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  72. Cambardella CA, Richard TL, Russell A (2003) Compost mineralization in soil as a function of composting process conditions. Eur J of Soil 39(3):117–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1164-5563(03)00027-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  73. Jagadabhi PS, Wani SP, Kaushal M, Patil M, Vemula AK, Rathore A (2019) Physico-chemical, microbial and phytotoxicity evaluation of composts from sorghum, finger millet and soybean straws. Int J Recycl Org Waste Agric 8(3):279–293. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40093-018-0240-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  74. Wang G, Yang Y, Kong Y, Ma R, Yuan J, Li G (2022) Key factors affecting seed germination in phytotoxicity tests during sheep manure composting with carbon additives. J Hazard Mater 421:126809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126809

    Article  Google Scholar 

  75. Íniguez G, Valadez A, Manríquez R, Moreno MV (2011) Utilization of by-products from the tequila industry: Part 10. Characterization of different decomposition stages of Agave tequilana Webber bagasse using FTIR spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Rev Int de Contam Ambient 27(1):61–74

    Google Scholar 

  76. Arora M, Kaur A (2019) Scanning electron microscopy for analysing maturity of compost/vermicompost from crop residue spiked with cattle dung, Azolla pinnata and Aspergillus terreus. Environ Sci Pollut Res 26:1761–1769. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3673-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  77. Bhat SA, Singh J, Vig AP (2014) Genotoxic assessment and optimization of pressmud with the help of exotic earthworm Eisenia fetida. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:8112–8123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-2758-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  78. Pandit L, Sethi D, Pattanayak SK, Nayak Y (2020) Bioconversion of lignocellulosic organic wastes into nutrient rich vermicompost by Eudrilus eugeniae. Bioresour Technol Reports 12:100580. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biteb.2020.100580

    Article  Google Scholar 

  79. Elakiya N, Arulmozhiselvan K (2021) Characterization of substrates of growing media by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy for containerized crop production. J Appl Nat Sci 13(SI):35–42. https://doi.org/10.31018/jans.v13iSI.2774

    Article  Google Scholar 

  80. Zhongqi HE, Pagliari PH, Waldrip HM (2016) Applied and environmental chemistry of animal manure: A review. Pedosphere 26(6):779–816. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1002-0160(15)60087-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  81. Ali M, Bhatia A, Kazmi AA, Ahmed N (2012) Characterization of high rate composting of vegetable market waste using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) and thermal studies in three different seasons. Biodegradation 23:231–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-011-9502-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  82. Hussain N, Abbasi T, Abbasi SA (2015) Vermicomposting eliminates the toxicity of Lantana (Lantana camara) and turns it into a plant friendly organic fertilizer. J Hazard Mater 298:46–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.04.073

    Article  Google Scholar 

  83. Khatua C, Sengupta S, Balla VK, Kundu B, Chakraborti A, Tripathi S (2018) Dynamics of organic matter decomposition during vermicomposting of banana stem waste using Eisenia fetida. Waste Manag 79:287–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.07.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  84. Nandiyanto AB, Oktiani R, Ragadhita R (2019) How to read and interpret FTIR spectroscope of organic material. Indones J Sci Technol 4(1):97–118. https://doi.org/10.17509/ijost.v4i1.15806

    Article  Google Scholar 

  85. Lim SL, Wu TY (2016) Characterization of matured vermicompost derived from valorization of palm oil mill byproduct. J Agric Food Chem 64(8):1761–1769. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.6b00531

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge UGC and DST for various programmes. Thanks are due to Centre facility and Emerging Life Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar (Punjab) for providing necessary laboratory facilities.

Funding

The present work is not been supported by any funding agency.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India

    Priyanka Sharma, Surbhi Sharma, Joat Singh & Jatinder Kaur Katnoria

  2. Department of Physics, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India

    Anupinder Singh

Authors
  1. Priyanka Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Surbhi Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Joat Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Anupinder Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jatinder Kaur Katnoria
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Writing—original draft, data collection, writing—review and editing, methodology, formal analysis and practical work has been carried out by Priyanka Sharma. The data analysis for phytotoxicity studies was performed by Surbhi Sharma. The data analysis for FTIR study was done by Joat Singh. Dr. Anupinder Singh is incharge for scanning electron microscope (SEM) for centralised facility of university and has contributed by helping in SEM analysis. Investigation, formal analysis, results interpretation, writing-reviewing and editing was carried out by Jatinder Kaur Katnoria. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Jatinder Kaur Katnoria.

Ethics declarations

Ethical approval

Not applicable.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent to publish

Not applicable.

Competing interests

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Sharma, P., Sharma, S., Singh, J. et al. Characterization of Tectona grandis leaf litter compost: an ecological approach for converting leaf litter waste into organic product using composting. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04309-3

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04309-3

Keywords

Search

Navigation