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Effective removal of Cr(VI) ions from the aqueous solution by agro-waste-based biochar: an exploration of batch and column studies

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Abstract

In the present study, the thermal conversion of Arachis hypogaea (groundnut) husk into biochar and its subsequent application in the adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) from an aqueous solution has been studied. The SEM–EDX and LIBS analyses showed that the adsorbent material incorporates both magnesium (Mg) and chromium (Cr) on its surface. The FTIR spectra revealed the involvement of several functional groups in the Cr(VI) adsorption, including –OH, Mg–O–Mg, –CH, –NH, and –COO. Specific surface area (SSA) is determined using BET (Brunauer–Emmett–Teller) analysis and the SSA of adsorbent material was 35.83 m2 g−1. Data from batch adsorption experiments demonstrated that magnesium-supported biochar increased the binding capacity of the adsorbent to the Cr(VI) ions. Adsorption experiment data at equilibrium conditions showed that the Langmuir model provided a best suited to the nMgO@GHBC than the Freundlich and Temkin models with a maximum adsorption capacity of 93.86 mg g−1. The kinetic-second-order model with the highest R2 value of 0.993 and the lowest values for root mean square error and chi-square (χ2) can reasonably explain the hexavalent chromium adsorption data. This study suggested that the mechanism of Cr(VI) adsorption onto both adsorbents might be chemisorption or ion exchange processes as adsorption data effectively fitted the PSO model. The outcomes of thermodynamic parameters like ΔG° indicated that Cr(VI) adsorption on pGHBC and nMgO@GHBC was spontaneous. Fixed-bed-column studies were conducted at different experimental conditions, such as inlet flow rate and bed height. The outcomes of the experimental data showed that the adsorption capacity of adsorbent for Cr(VI) adsorption in a fixed bed continuous flow was 50 mg g−1. The adsorbent was recycled ten times using NaOH, HNO3, H2SO4, and EDTA. The continuous adsorption and desorption of Cr ions for up to 10 cycles showed the reusability of spent biochar.

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Data availability

Data will be made available upon personal request to the corresponding author.

Abbreviations

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

Cr(III):

Trivalent chromium

Cr(VI):

Hexavalent chromium

CCD:

Charged coupled device

EDAX:

Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy

FTIR:

Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy

∆G°:

Gibb’s free energy

LIBS:

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy

pGHBC:

Pristine groundnut husk biochar

nMgO@GHBC:

Nano-magnesium oxide groundnut husk biochar

PFO:

Pseudo-first order

PSO:

Pseudo-second order

PZC:

Point of zero charge

Q m :

Maximum adsorption capacity

Q e :

Equilibrium concentration

SSA:

Specific surface area

SEM:

Scanning electron microscopy

∆S°:

Entropy

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Acknowledgements

K.S.P. would like to express his sincere gratitude to the FIST grant of DST, India, and to the Department of Chemistry, MSU, Baroda, India, for availing the facility of BET.

Author information

Author notes

  1. Bablu Prasad, Madhu Kumari, A. K. Rai, Mika Sillanpää, Maulin P. Sah, and Kumar Suranjit Prasad contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Centre of Environmental Science, Institute of Interdisciplinary Studies, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, 211002, India

    Kavita Singh, Shivesh Kumar Azad, Hemen Dave & Kumar Suranjit Prasad

  2. Gujarat Forensic Sciences University (GFSU) Institute of Research and Development, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Hemen Dave

  3. Department of Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

    Bablu Prasad & Deepak M. Maurya

  4. Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, India

    Deepak M. Maurya

  5. Department of Botany, B. R. A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, Bihar, India

    Madhu Kumari

  6. Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh, Prayagraj, India

    Darpan Dubey & A. K. Rai

  7. Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Environmental Engineering Universitetsbyen 36, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark

    Mika Sillanpää

  8. Faculty of Technology, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Patteristonkatu 1, 50100, Mikkeli, Finland

    Mika Sillanpää

  9. Industrial Waste Water Research Laboratory, Applied & Environmental Microbiology Lab, Enviro Technology Limited (CETP), Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India

    Maulin P. Sah

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  10. Maulin P. Sah
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  11. Kumar Suranjit Prasad
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Contributions

K.S., S.K.A., and D.D. performed the experiments and wrote the manuscript. H.D., B.P., M.K., D.M.M., M.S., A.K.R., and M.P.S. arranged logistics and helped in the analysis of the sample. At the same time, K.S.P. acted as a mentor and interpreted the analysis results. All authors reviewed the work.

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Correspondence to Kumar Suranjit Prasad.

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Singh, K., Azad, S.K., Dave, H. et al. Effective removal of Cr(VI) ions from the aqueous solution by agro-waste-based biochar: an exploration of batch and column studies. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04268-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04268-9

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