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Optimization of delignification and cellulose isolation process from Natural cotton pods and preparation of its nanofibers with choline chloride–lactic acid eutectic solvents

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Abstract

Recently, eutectic solvents (ESs) green treatment of lignocellulose biomasses attracted vast attention due to their properties. Concerning the subject, this paper aims to apply choline chloride lactic acid-based ESs for delignification and cellulose isolation optimization from extractive-free natural cotton pods (EFNCPs) to achieve the highest cellulose extraction and purity and also, consumption of ES-treated cotton pods (ESTCPs) for nano-fibrillation. The structure of each step product was characterized by applying Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG), derivative thermogravimetric (DTG), field emission scanning electron microscopy (Fe-SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) methods. As the FTIR diagram shows, respectively decreasing the strength around 1515 and 1740 cm−1 and increasing the intensity of bands at 890, 1030, and 1210–1490 cm−1 are attributed to lignin removal and increasing the cellulose amount during isolation. XRD analysis results show in the extraction and nano-fibrillation process the small peaks, which were related to the lignin and other impurities eliminated and the crystallinity enhanced. The TG and DTG results indicate that during the cellulose isolation process, the narrowness of peak at 200–400 °C increased which is due to the lignin removal. Also, the results of TG and DTG show that during the isolation process by ES, the structure of cellulose fibers is almost unchanged. Also, Fe-SEM and TEM images show that during the isolation process, due to the removal of the non-cellulosic layer surface, roughness increased. The result of this study can be used for cellulose isolation optimization with unique chemical and mechanical properties.

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Data availability

All datasets are available by corresponding author agreement.

Abbreviations

AIL:

Acid-insoluble lignin

ANOVA:

Analysis of variance

CNFs:

Cellulose nanofibers

CCD:

Central composite design

CPC:

Chemically purified cellulose

CV:

Coefficient of variation

CrI:

Crystallinity index

DOE:

Design of the experiment

ES:

Eutectic solvent

ESTCPs:

Eutectic solvent-treated cotton pods

EFNCPs:

Extractive free natural cotton pods

Fe-SEM:

Field emission scanning electron microscopy

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared

HBA:

Hydrogen bond acceptor

HBD:

Hydrogen bond donor

ILs:

Ionic liquids

NCPs:

Natural cotton pods

RSM-CCD:

Response surface-Central Composite Design

TEM:

Transmission electron microscopy

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

DTGA:

Derivative thermogravimetric analysis

XRD:

X-Ray Diffraction

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran

    Hamid Soleimanzadeh, Dariush Salari & Ali Olad

  2. Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Alireza Ostadrahimi

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  1. Hamid Soleimanzadeh
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  2. Dariush Salari
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H.Soleimanzadeh, D.Salari, A.Olad, and A.Ostadrahimi contributed to the design and implementation of the research, to the analysis of the results and writing of the manuscript.

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Correspondence to Dariush Salari.

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Soleimanzadeh, H., Salari, D., Olad, A. et al. Optimization of delignification and cellulose isolation process from Natural cotton pods and preparation of its nanofibers with choline chloride–lactic acid eutectic solvents. Biomass Conv. Bioref. (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-023-04141-9

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