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A comprehensive review on application of plant-based bioadsorbents for Congo red removal

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Abstract

Rapid development of global printing and dyeing industry has enhanced the need of different dyes. Congo red (CR) dye is one of widely used dyes in dyeing industry due to its high chromaticity. So, CR with high chemical oxygen demand and biological toxicity imposes serious environmental issues. Study of removal of most resistant dyes such as CR can pave way for removal of other resistant dyes also. There are a lot of methods which can be employed for CR removal, but adsorption method has been found very efficient and economical for the removal of dyes with the material applied as an adsorbent playing a key rule. In this prospect, usage of bioadsorbents has been extensively investigated due to their distinctive properties, cost-effectiveness, easy availability, and green nature, which enable them to be utilized as adsorbents. The focus of this review is to elaborate the role of plant-based bioadsorbents for removal of CR dye via most efficient method of adsorption with critical comparison of different bioadsorbents through their isothermal, kinetic, and thermodynamic studies. In this regard, plant-based adsorbents are described here in detail. Moreover, the effect of different parameters such as pH, dosage, and surface morphology on activity is discussed here followed by regeneration of bioadsorbents. Thus, this review gives deep insight into the role of bioadsorbents for eradication of CR with insight for selection of the best candidate of bioadsorbent for desired results. Regeneration effectiveness and removal of other dyes along with CR have made bioadsorbents a very cost-effective choice for wastewater treatment. It also gave direction for designing of novel bioadsorbents using plant waste materials for wastewater treatment in future. We hope that the present comprehensive review could deliver scientists with preliminary data and guide the researcher involved in this field, allowing them to concentrate on the research gaps in water remediation.

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Abbreviations

CR:

Congo red dye

BB3:

Basic Blue 3

PPS:

Stem of pineapple plant

CS:

Cranberry stem

CSAC:

Activated carbon/Cornulaca monacantha

CS:

Cornulaca monacantha

DB71:

Direct blue 71

MB:

Methyl blue

CHMAC:

3-Chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-trimethylammonium chloride

CRC:

Cuticle-removed cladodes/stem

BPP:

Banana peel powder

RB 5:

Reactive Black 5

CMOPP:

Cationic modified orange peel powder

CRF:

Coconut residual fiber

FSS:

Funnel seed spent

PDS:

Phoenix dactylifera Seeds

PPS:

Pinus pinaster

CV:

Crystal violet

CRB:

Calcium-rich biochar

WNAA:

Walnut shell powder–based activated carbon

BG:

Bougainvillea glabra

STP:

Solanum tuberosum Peels

PSP:

Pisum sativum Peels

CRHC:

Cationized rice husk cellulose

RH:

Rice husk

DGB:

Diamine Green B

AF-U:

Ulva fasciata

AFS:

Sargassum dentifolium

PDAC:

Activated carbon from popcorn

BET:

Brunauer–Emmett–Teller

RhB:

Rhodamine B

PDACs:

Honeycomb-like activated carbon from popcorn

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Acknowledgements

University of Gujrat, Pakistan, is accredited via the authors for the support in finishing this study.

Funding

The work was financially supported by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan through NRPU Project. 6515/Punjab/NRPU/R&D/HEC/2016.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Chemistry, Minhaj University Lahore, Hamdard Chowk Township, Lahore, 54770, Pakistan

    Kashif Manzoor & Farha Naz

  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, 50700, Pakistan

    Maria Batool & Muhammad Nadeem Zafar

  3. Department of Chemistry, University of Management and Technology, Sialkot Campus, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan

    Maria Batool

  4. Department of Chemistry, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education Lahore, Multan Campus, Multan, 60700, Pakistan

    Muhammad Faizan Nazar

  5. Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar

    Bassim H. Hameed

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  1. Kashif Manzoor
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Writing — original draft preparation: Kashif Manzoor; writing — review and editing and literature search: Maria Batool; writing — original draft preparation: Farha Naz; writing — review and editing: Muhammad Faizan Nazar; critically revised and data analysis: Basim H. Hameed; idea for the review article, supervision, and funding acquisition: Muhammad Nadeem Zafar.

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Manzoor, K., Batool, M., Naz, F. et al. A comprehensive review on application of plant-based bioadsorbents for Congo red removal. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 4511–4537 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02741-5

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