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Crystallization of struvite family crystals from cow urine: analysis, characterization, and effects of crystallization method, retention time, rate of mixing, and competing ions

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Abstract

Phosphorus recovered from cow urine rich in nutrients serves as an alternative form of fertilizer when recovered as magnesium ammonium phosphate termed as struvite (MgNH4PO4·6H2O). Extraction of struvite was investigated through bench scale experiments, and its yield was measured by surface spread method and plain sedimentation method. Magnesium (Mg): phosphorus (P) ratio of 5: 1 yielded 77.5 mg/L and 10 mg/L of struvite by surface spread method and plain sedimentation method, respectively. A 15-fold increase in phosphorus recovery was obtained through plain sedimentation method. The mean width and length of struvite crystals obtained from plain sedimentation method were 4.4 µm and 18.4 µm, respectively. Struvite crystal size decreased by 77.78% when the rate of mixing was increased from 40 to 120 rpm. SEM analysis depicted the needle-like and lath-shaped morphology of struvite crystals. EDS analysis revealed the presence of Ca2+ and Na+ ions, and the XRD results confirmed the co-precipitation of other magnesium phosphates such as bobierrite and newberyite and sequential precipitation of K-struvite.

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  • 05 March 2022

    The original version of this paper was updated to add the missing e-mail address of the first author.

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Funding

The project was funded by Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) under scheme Impacting Research Innovation and Technology, IMPRINT-2 (IMP/2019/000358).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Coimbatore, India

    V. Sangeetha

  2. Department of Civil Engineering, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, Coimbatore, India, 641062

    M. Devasena & Sharmilee Dwarakanathan

  3. Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India, 600036

    Indumathi M. Nambi

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First author: made substantial contributions to the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; drafted the work and revised it critically for important intellectual content.

Second and corresponding author: made substantial contributions to the conception and idea of the work; the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data; drafted the work and revised it critically for important intellectual content; approved the version to be published; and agree to be accountable for all aspects of the work in ensuring that questions related to the accuracy or integrity of any part of the work are appropriately investigated and resolved.

Third author: made substantial contributions to the funding, conception, and idea of the work; the acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of data.

Fourth author: made substantial contributions to the analysis and interpretation of data.

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Correspondence to M. Devasena.

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Highlights

(1) Recovery of struvite crystals from livestock waste

(2) A 15-fold increase in phosphorous recovery was obtained through plain sedimentation method

(3) Competing ions hinders struvite formation

(4) Establishment of nutrient harnessing centers is essential in rural areas

(5) Nutrient recovery from livestock waste accelerates the transition towards circular economy

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Sangeetha, V., Devasena, M., Nambi, I.M. et al. Crystallization of struvite family crystals from cow urine: analysis, characterization, and effects of crystallization method, retention time, rate of mixing, and competing ions. Biomass Conv. Bioref. 14, 2357–2368 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-022-02452-x

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