Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Thermohydrodynamic (THD) Analysis of Journal Bearing Operating with Bio-based Nanolubricants

  • Research Article-Mechanical Engineering
  • Published:
Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The objective of current research is to study the adiabatic solutions of a plain journal bearing operating with bio-based lubricants containing nanoparticles. Estimation of pressure and temperature fields has been accomplished by simultaneous numerical solutions of the modified Reynolds equation and the adiabatic energy equation. These equations have been solved by adopting the finite difference method with suitable iterative scheme. The analysis has been carried out taking into account the heating effects and non-Newtonian rheology of bio-based nanolubricant following the power law model. The results have been investigated for temperature and pressure fields and the static performance parameters for a broad range of eccentricity ratio ε and different power law index values. The calculated results present that the involvement of nanoparticles in bio-based lubricant significantly enhances the pressure, load carrying capacity and friction force. Moreover, the influence of thermal effects on performance parameters is seen to be maximum at higher values of power law index.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

\(U\) :

Tangential velocity of the journal, m s−1

\(\omega\) :

Angular velocity of the journal (\(\omega\) = U/R), rad s−1

\(N\) :

Rotational speed, rpm

h :

Film thickness, m

e :

Eccentricity, m

\(O_{\text{b}}\) :

Bearing centre

\(O_{\text{J}}\) :

Journal centre

\(h_{\min }\) :

Minimum fluid film thickness, m

\(\mu\) :

Apparent viscosity, Pa s

\(\mu_{0}\) :

Reference viscosity of the lubricant, Pa s

\(\mu_{\text{nf}}\) :

Viscosity of nanolubricant, Pa s

x, y, z :

Bearing coordinates, x measures along circumferential direction, y measures along the radial direction, z measures along the axial direction, m

\(\theta\) :

Angular coordinate, rad

R :

Journal radius, m

D :

Journal diameter, m

L :

Bearing length, m

c :

Radial clearance, m

\(\theta_{\text{c}}\) :

Cavitation angle, rad

\(\varphi\) :

Nanoparticle volume fraction, %

\(\varphi_{\text{m}}\) :

Maximum particle packing fraction, %

[η]:

Intrinsic viscosity

n :

Power law index

\(\varepsilon\) :

Eccentricity ratio

\(\rho\) :

Density of oil, kg m−3

\(\rho_{\text{p}}\) :

Density of nanoparticles, kg m−3

\(\rho_{0}\) :

Density of base oil, kg m−3

\(\rho_{\text{nf}}\) :

Density of nanolubricant, kg m−3

\(C_{\text{pp}} ,C_{{{\text{p}}0}} , C_{\text{pnf}}\) :

Specific heat of nanoparticles, base oil and nanolubricant, (J Kg−1 °C)

\(\beta\) :

Thermoviscosity coefficient, C−1

\(u,v\) :

Oil velocity components in x and y directions, m s−1

\(q_{x} ,q_{y}\) :

Discharge in x and y directions, m3 s−1

\(\phi\) :

Attitude angle, degree

\(p\) :

Lubricant film pressure, N m−2

\(\lambda\) :

Aspect ratio

\(W\) :

Load carrying capacity, N

\(Q_{\text{S}}\) :

Total lubricant side leakage, m3 s−1

\(W_{\theta}\) :

Tangential component of load carrying capacity, N

\(W_{\text{r}}\) :

Radial component of load carrying capacity, N

\(C_{\text{f}}\) :

Coefficient of friction

\(f\) :

Friction force, N

\(\dot{\gamma }\) :

Shear strain rate, s−1

\(D_{e}\) :

Dissipation number

References

  1. Nair, K.P.; Ahmed, M.S.; Al-Qahtani, S.T.: Static and dynamic analysis of hydrodynamic journal bearing operating under nano lubricants. Int. J. Nanoparticles 2(6), 296–311 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1504/IJNP.2009.028757

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Shenoy, B.S.; Binu, K.G.; Pai, R.; Rao, D.S.; Pai, R.S.: Effect of nanoparticles additives on the performance of an externally adjustable fluid film bearing. Tribol. Int. 45(1), 38–42 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2011.10.004

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Kotia, A.; Ghosh, S.K.: Experimental analysis for rheological properties of aluminium oxide (Al2O3)/gear oil (SAE EP-90) nanolubricant used in HEMM. Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 67(6), 600–605 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-03-2015-0029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Abbasi, S.; Zebarjad, S.M.; Baghban, S.H.N.; Youssefi, A.; Ekrami-Kakhki, M.S.: Experimental investigation of the rheological behavior and viscosity of decorated multi-walled carbon nanotubes with TiO2 nanoparticles/water nanofluids. J. Therm. Anal. Calorim. 123(1), 81–89 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10973-015-4878-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Sajeeb, A.; Rajendrakumar, P.K.: Investigation on the rheological behavior of coconut oil based hybrid CeO2/CuO nanolubricants. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J J. Eng. Tribol. 233(1), 170–177 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650118772149

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Swamy, S.; Prabhu, B.; Rao, B.: Calculated load capacity of non-Newtonian lubricants in finite width journal bearings. Wear 31(2), 277–285 (1975). https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(75)90162-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Jang, J.Y.; Khonsari, M.M.: On the thermohydrodynamic analysis of a Bingham fluid in slider bearings. Acta Mech. 148(1–4), 165–185 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01183676

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  8. Ma, Y.Y.; Wang, W.H.; Cheng, X.H.: A study of dynamically loaded journal bearings lubricated with non-Newtonian couple stress fluids. Tribol. Lett. 17(1), 69–74 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:TRIL.0000017420.44627.63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Kumar, P.; Khonsari, M.: On the role of lubricant rheology and piezo-viscous properties in line and point contact EHL. Tribol. Int. 42(11–12), 1522–1530 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2008.11.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Williams, P.; Symmons, G.: Analysis of hydrodynamic slider thrust bearings lubricated with non-Newtonian fluids. Wear 117(3), 91–102 (1987). https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-679X(87)90041-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Bhattacharjee, R.; Das, N.: Power law fluid model incorporated into elastohydrodynamic lubrication theory of line contact. Tribol. Int. 29(5), 405–413 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-679X(95)00096-M

    Article  Google Scholar 

  12. Safar, Z.S.: journal bearing operating with non- Newtonian lubricant films. Wear 53(1), 95–100 (1979). https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(79)90220-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  13. Singh, C.; Sinha, P.: Non-Newtonian squeeze films in journal bearings. Wear 70(3), 311–319 (1981). https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(81)90351-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Tanner, R.I.: Short bearing solution for pressure distribution in a non-Newtonian lubricant. Trans. ASME J. Appl. Mech. 31(2), 350–351 (1964). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3629618

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  15. Dien, I.K.; Elrod, H.G.: A generalized steady-state Reynolds equation for non-Newtonian fluids with applications to journal bearings. J. Lubr. Technol. 105(3), 385–390 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3254619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Jain, D.; Sharma, S.C.: Two-lobe geometrically imperfect hybrid journal bearing operating with power law lubricant. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J J. Eng. Tribol. 229(1), 30–46 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650114541252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Das, B.J.; Roy, L.: Analysis and comparison of steady-state performance characteristics of two-axial groove and multilobe hydrodynamic bearings lubricated with non-Newtonian fluids. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J J. Eng. Tribol. 232(12), 1581–1596 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650118758087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Jang, J.; Chang, C.: Adiabatic analysis of finite width journal bearings with non-Newtonian lubricants. Wear 122(1), 63–75 (1988). https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(88)90007-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Lin, J.F.; Wang, L.Y.: Thermohydrodynamic analysis of finite-width, partial-arc journal bearings with non-Newtonian lubricants: part II. Tribol. Int. 23(3), 211–216 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1016/0301-679X(90)90018-K

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Ju, S.; Weng, C.L.: Thermohydrodynamic analysis of finite-width journal bearings with non-Newtonian lubricants. Wear 171(1–2), 41–49 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1648(94)90346-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Fillon, M.; Bouyer, J.: Thermohydrodynamic analysis of a worn plain journal bearing. Tribol. Int. 37(2), 129–136 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0301-679X(03)00051-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Ferron, J.; Frene, J.; Boncompain, R.: A study of the thermohydrodynamic performance of a plain journal bearing comparison between theory and experiments. J. Lubr. Technol. 105(3), 422–428 (1983). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3254632

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Duvedi, R.K.; Garg, H.C.; Jadon, V.K.: Analysis of hybrid journal bearing for non-Newtonian lubricants. Lubr. Sci. 18(3), 187–207 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1002/ls.17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Garg, H.C.; Kumar, V.: Analysis of thermal effects in capillary compensated hole-entry hybrid journal bearings lubricated with a non-Newtonian lubricant. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J J. Eng. Tribol. 224(4), 317–334 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1243/13506501jet683

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Garg, H.C.; Kumar, V.; Sharda, H.B.: A comparative thermal analysis of slot-entry and hole-entry hybrid journal bearings lubricated with non-Newtonian lubricant. ASME J. Tribol. 132(4), 1–11 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4002034

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Nessil, A.; Larbi, S.; Belhaneche, H.; Malki, M.: Journal bearings lubrication aspect analysis using non-Newtonian fluids. Adv. Tribol. 2013, 9 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1155/2013/212568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Zhang, Z.S.; Yang, Y.M.; Dai, X.D.; Xie, Y.B.: Effects of thermal boundary conditions on plain journal bearing thermohydrodynamic lubrication. Tribol. Trans. 56, 759–770 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1080/10402004.2013.797531

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Khatak, P.; Garg, H.C.: Performance analysis of capillary compensated hybrid journal bearing by considering combined influence of thermal effects and micropolar lubricant. ASME J. Tribol. 139(1), 1–12 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4033715

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Feng, H.; Jiang, S.; Ji, A.: Investigations of the static and dynamic characteristics of water-lubricated hydrodynamic journal bearing considering turbulent, thermohydrodynamic and misaligned effects. Tribol. Int. 130, 245–260 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.triboint.2018.09.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Kalakada, S.B.; Kumarapillai, P.N.; Perikinalil, R.K.: Analysis of static and dynamic performance characteristics of THD journal bearing operating under lubricants containing nanoparticles. Int. J. Precis. Eng. Manuf. 13(10), 1869–1876 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12541-012-0245-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Nicoletti, R.: The importance of the heat capacity of lubricants with nanoparticles in the static behavior of journal bearings. ASME J. Tribol. 136(4), 044502 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4027861

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Kalakada, S.B.; Kumarapillai, P.N.N.; RajendraKumar, P.K.: Static characteristics of thermohydrodynamic journal bearing operating under lubricants containing nanoparticles. Ind. Lubr. Tribol. 67(1), 38–46 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1108/ILT-01-2013-0015

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Solghar, A.A.: Investigation of nanoparticle additive impacts on thermohydrodynamic characteristics of journal bearings. Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. J J. Eng. Tribol. 229(10), 1176–1186 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1177/1350650115574734

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Krieger, I.M.; Dougherty, T.J.: A Mechanism for Non-Newtonian Flow in Suspensions of Rigid Spheres. Trans. Soc. Rheol. 31, 37–52 (1959). https://doi.org/10.1122/1.548848

    Article  Google Scholar 

  35. Mahbubul, I.M.; Saidur, R.; Amalina, M.A.: Latest developments on the viscosity of nanofluids. Int. J. Heat Mass Transf. 55(4), 874–885 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2011.10.021

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. Kole, M.; Dey, T.K.: Effect of aggregation on the viscosity of copper oxide gear oil nano fluids. Int. J. Therm. Sci. 50(9), 1741–1747 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2011.03.027

    Article  Google Scholar 

  37. Pak, B.C.; Cho, Y.: Hydrodynamic and heat transfer study of dispersed fluids with submicron metallic oxides particles. Exp. Heat. Transf. 11(2), 151–170 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1080/08916159808946559

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

No funding to declare.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Guru Jambheshwar University of Science and Technology, Hisar, Haryana, 125001, India

    Anil Dhanola & H. C. Garg

Authors
  1. Anil Dhanola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. C. Garg
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. C. Garg.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The author(s) acknowledged that no any conflict of interest corresponds to the research, authorship and publication of this research.

Appendix

Appendix

1.1 Non-dimensional Parameters

$$ \theta = \frac{x}{R} $$
$$ \bar{p} = p\frac{{c^{2}}}{{\mu_{0} \omega R^{2} }}$$
$$\bar{W}_{\theta } = W_{\theta} \frac{{c^{2} }}{{\mu_{0} \omega R^{3} L}}$$
$$\bar{W}_{r} = W_{r} \frac{{c^{2} }}{{\mu_{0} \omega R^{3} L}} $$
$$\bar{W} = W \frac{{c^{2} }}{{\mu_{0} \omega R^{3} L}} $$
$$ \bar{y} = \frac{y}{L}$$
$$ \lambda = \frac{L}{D} $$
$$ \bar{C}_{f} =C_{f} \frac{{ R}}{c} $$
$$ \bar{\mu } = \frac{\mu }{{\mu_{0} }}$$
$$ \bar{z} = \frac{z}{h} $$
$$ \varepsilon = \frac{e}{c} $$
$$ \bar{h} = \frac{h}{c}$$
$$\bar{Q}_{s} = Q_{s} \frac{L}{{\omega R^{3} c}} $$
$$ \bar{f} = f\frac{c}{{\mu_{0} \omega R^{2} L}} $$
$$ \bar{m} = \left[ {1 - \frac{\varphi }{{\varphi_{m} }}} \right]^{{ - \left[ \eta \right]\varphi_{m} }} \left( {\frac{U}{c}} \right)^{n - 1}$$
$$ \bar{c} = \frac{c}{R} $$
$$\bar{T} = \beta \left( {T - T_{0} } \right) $$
$$ \bar{q}_{x} = q_{x}\frac{{1 }}{Uc} $$
$$ \bar{q}_{y} = q_{y}\frac{{2\lambda }}{Uc}$$

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dhanola, A., Garg, H.C. Thermohydrodynamic (THD) Analysis of Journal Bearing Operating with Bio-based Nanolubricants. Arab J Sci Eng 45, 9127–9144 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04651-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-020-04651-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation