Abstract
To investigate the coupled influence of surface and internal crack propagation on rock breakages, indentation tests in biaxial states were conducted to generate various internal cracks and surface cracks that may determine the rock breakages between indenters. Crack observation shows that the increase in the maximum confinement (\(\sigma _{1})\) promotes surface crack propagation when the minimum confinement (\(\sigma _{2})\) is fixed; simultaneously, the initiation and the deflection angle of internal cracks increase. The increase in \(\sigma _{2}\) when \(\sigma _{1}\) is fixed restrains surface crack propagation, but hardly influences internal crack propagation. In addition, the propagation tendency of internal cracks in tests agrees well with previous studies and the tendency of surface crack propagation is validated by a theoretical analysis. Moreover, the following analysis demonstrates that the effective connection by internal cracks and the sufficient incisions by surface cracks significantly determine the chip and the groove formation. Obtained groove volumes indicate that groove volumes are positively related to the surface crack propagation.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chen, L.H.; Labuz, J.F.: Indentation of rock by wedge-shaped tools. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 43(7), 1023–1033 (2006)
Innaurato, N.; Oggeri, C.; Oreste, P.P.; Vinai, R.: Experimental and numerical studies on rock breaking with TBM tools under high stress confinement. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 40(5), 429–451 (2007)
Yin, L.J.; Gong, Q.M.; Ma, H.S.; Zhao, J.; Zhao, X.B.: Use of indentation tests to study the influence of confining stress on rock fragmentation by a TBM cutter. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 72, 261–276 (2014)
Liu, J.; Cao, P.; Han, D.Y.: The influence of confining stress on optimum spacing of TBM cutters for cutting granite. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 88, 165–174 (2016)
Ozdemir, L.; Wang, F.D.; Snyder, L.: Mechanical Tunnel Boring Prediction and Machine Design. Colorado School of Mines Press, Colorado (1979)
Gertsch, R.: Rock Toughness and Disc Cutting. University of Missouri, Rolla (2000)
Alehoseein, H.; Detournay, E.; Huang, H.: An analytical model for the indentation of rocks by blunt tools. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 33(4), 267–284 (2000)
Gong, Q.M.; Jiao, Y.Y.; Zhao, J.: Numerical modeling of the effects of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 21(1), 46–55 (2006)
Gong, Q.M.; Zhao, J.; Jiao, Y.Y.: Numerical modeling of the effects of joint orientation on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 20, 183–191 (2005)
Bejari, H.; Khademi, H.K.: Simultaneous effects of joint spacing and orientation on TBM cutting efficiency in jointed rock masses. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 46, 897–907 (2013)
Gertsch, R.; Gertsch, L.; Rostami, J.: Disc cutting tests in Colorado Red Granite: implications for TBM performance prediction. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 44(2), 238–246 (2007)
Ma, H.S.; Yin, L.J.; Ji, H.G.: Numerical study of the effect of confining stress on rock fragmentation by TBM cutter. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 48, 1021–1033 (2011)
Yagiz, S.: Assessment of brittleness using rock strength and density with punch penetration test. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 24, 66–74 (2009)
Gong, Q.M.; Yin, L.J.; She, Q.R.: TBM tunneling in marble rock masses with high in situ stress and large groundwater inflow: a case study in China. Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ. 72, 163–172 (2013)
Liu, H.Y.; Kou, S.Q.; Lindqvist, P.A.; Tang, C.A.: Numerical simulation of the rock fragmentation process induced by indenters. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 39, 491–505 (2002)
Zhang, H.; Huang, G.; Song, H.; Kang, Y.: Experimental investigation of deformation and failure mechanisms in rock under indentation by digital image correlation. Eng. Fract. Mech. 96, 667–675 (2012)
Liu, J.; Cao, P.; Li, K.H.: A study on isotropic rock breaking with TBM cutters under different confining stresses. Geotech. Geol. Eng. 33(6), 1–16 (2015)
Zhang, Y.B.; Tang, C.A.; Li, H.; Liang, Z.Z.; Tang, S.B.; Yang, Y.F.: Numerical investigation of dynamic crack branching under biaxial loading. Int. J. Fract. 176, 151–161 (2012)
Bi, J.; Zhou, X.P.; Qian, Q.H.: The 3D numerical simulation for the propagation process of multiple pre-existing flaws in rock-like materials subjected to biaxial compressive loads. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 49, 1611–1627 (2016)
Li, X.; Du, K.; Li, D.: True triaxial strength and failure modes of cubic rock specimens with unloading the minor principal stress. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 48(6), 2185–2196 (2015)
Moon, T.; Oh, J.: A study of optimal rock-cutting conditions for hard rock TBM using the discrete element method. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 45, 837–849 (2012)
Cho, J.W.; Jeon, S.; Jeong, H.Y.; Chang, S.H.: Evaluation of cutting efficiency during TBM disc cutter excavation within a Korean granitic rock using linear-cutting-machine testing and photogrammetric measurement. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 35, 37–54 (2011)
Zhao, Y.L.; Zhang, L.Y.; Wang, W.J.; Tang, J.Z.; Lin, H.; Wan, W.: Transient pulse test and morphological analysis of single rock fractures. Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. 19, 139–154 (2017)
Manouchehrian, A.; Marji, M.F.: Numerical analysis of confinement effect on crack propagation mechanism from a flaw in a pre-cracked rock under compression. Acta. Mech. Sin. 28(5), 1389–1397 (2012)
Huang, H.; Damjanal, B.; Detournay, E.: Normal wedge indentation in rocks with lateral confinement. Rock Mech. Rock Eng. 31(2), 81–94 (1998)
Ashby, M.F.; Hallam, S.D.: The failure of brittle solids containing small cracks under compressive stress states. Acta metal. 34(3), 497–510 (1986)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their gratitude to Reviewers and Editors for the hard work and beneficial comments on this study. Thanks Doctor Yu Chen for the suggestions in revision. The authors would like to acknowledge these financial supports: the Doctoral science fund in Hunan Institute of Engineering; the Postdoctoral science foundation in Hunan University of Science and Technology; Project (2016CX016) supported by Innovation Driven Plan of Central South University; and Projects supported by China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2017M612557).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, J., Wang, J., Wan, W. et al. The Coupled Influence of Surface and Internal Crack Propagation on Rock Breakages by Indentations in Biaxial States. Arab J Sci Eng 43, 5067–5077 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2930-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13369-017-2930-3