Abstract
Emissions of mineral dust and its mixing with anthropogenic air pollutants affect both regional and global climates. Our fieldwork in late spring 2007 (April 25–June 15) measured the physical and optical properties of dust storms mixed with local air pollutants at a rural site about 48 km southeast of central Lanzhou. Levels of air pollutants and aerosol optical properties were observed during the experiment, with concentrations of NOx (6.8 ± 3.3 ppb, average ± standard deviation), CO (694 ± 486 ppb), SO2 (6.2 ± 10 ppb), O3 (50.7 ± 13.1 ppb), and PM10 (172 ± 180 μg m−3), and aerosol scattering coefficient (164 ± 89 Mm−1; 1 Mm = 106 m) and absorption coefficient (11.7 ± 6.6 Mm−1), all much lower than the values observed during air pollution episodes in urban areas. During a major dust storm, the mass concentration of PM10 reached 4072 μg m−3, approximately 21-fold higher than in non-dust storm periods. The mixing ratios of trace gases declined noticeably after a cold front passed through. The observed CO/SO2 and CO/NOx ratios during air pollution episodes were 4.2–18.3 and 13.7–80.5, respectively, compared with the corresponding ratios of 38.1–255.7 and 18.0–245.9 during non-pollution periods. Our investigations suggest that dust storms have a significant influence on air quality in areas far from their source, and this large-scale transport of dust and air pollutants produces major uncertainties in the quantification of the global effects of emissions over Northwest China.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdul-Wahab S. A., and W. S. Bouhamra, 2004: Diurnal variations of airpollution from motor vehicles in residential area. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 61, 73–98.
Akimoto H., 2003: Global air quality and pollution. Science, 302, 1716–1719.
Allen D., K. Pickering, and M. Fox-Rabinovitz, 2004: Evaluation of pollutant outflow and CO sources during TRACE-P using model-calculated, aircraftbased, and Measurements of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT)-derived CO concentrations. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S03, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004250.
Anderson T. L., and J. A. Ogren, 1998: Determining aerosol radiative properties using the TSI 3563 integrating nephelometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 29, 57–69.
Anderson T. L., S. J. Masonis, D. S. Covert, et al., 2003: Variability of aerosol optical properties derived from in-situ aircraft measurements during ACE-Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8647, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003247.
Arimoto R., X. Y. Zhang, B. J. Huebert, et al., 2004: Chemical composition of atmospheric aerosols from Zhenbeitai, China, and Gosan, South Korea, during ACE-Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S04, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004323.
Arimoto R., Y. J. Kim, Y. P. Kim, et al., 2006: Characterization of Asian dust during ACE-Asia. Global Planet Change, 52, 23–56.
Arnott W. P., H. Moosmüller, P. J. Sheridan, et al., 2003: Photoacoustic and filter-based ambient aerosol light absorption measurements: Instrument comparisons and the role of relative humidity. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4034, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002165.
Arnott W. P., K. Hamasha, H. Moosmuller, et al., 2005: Towards aerosol light-absorption measurements with a 7-wavelength Aethalometer: Evaluation with a photoacoustic instrument and 3-wavelength nephelometer. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 39, 17–29.
Barnard J. C., E. I. Kassianov, T. P. Ackerman, et al., 2007: Estimation of a “radiatively correct” black carbon specific absorption during the Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) 2003 field campaign. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1645–1655, doi: 10.5194/acp-7-1645-2007.
Baumgartner D., G. Raga, O. Peralta, et al., 2002: Diagnosing black carbon trends in large urban areas using carbon monoxide measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 107, 8342, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000626.
Bergin M. H., G. R. Cass, J. Xu, et al., 2001: Aerosol radiative, physical, and chemical properties in Beijing during June 1999. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 17969–17980.
Bi J. R., J. P. Huang, Q. A. Fu, et al., 2011: Toward characterization of the aerosol optical properties over Loess Plateau of northwestern China. Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy & Radiative Transfer, 112, 346–360.
Bonasoni P., P. Cristofanelli, F. Calzolari, et al., 2004: Aerosol-ozone correlations during dust transport episodes. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 4, 1201–1215.
Bond T. C., and R. W. Bergstrom, 2006: Light absorption by carbonaceous particles: An investigative review. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 40, 27–67.
Brock C. A., P. K. Hudson, E. R. Lovejoy, et al., 2004: Particle characteristics following cloud-modified transport from Asia to North America. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S26, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004198.
Campbell J. R., D. L. Hlavka, E. J. Welton, et al., 2002: Full-time, eye-safe cloud and aerosol lidar observation at atmospheric radiation measurement program sites: Instruments and data processing. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 19, 431–442.
Carmichael G. R., Y. Tang, G. Kurata, et al., 2003a: Regional-scale chemical transport modeling in support of the analysis of observations obtained during the TRACE-P experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8823, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003117.
Carmichael G. R., Y. Tang, G. Kurata, et al., 2003b: Evaluating regional emission estimates using the TRACE-P observations. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8810, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003116.
Che H., X. Xia, J. Zhu, et al., 2014: Column aerosol optical properties and aerosol radiative forcing during a serious haze-fog month over North China Plain in 2013 based on ground-based sunphotometer measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 14, 2125–2138.
Che H. Z., X. Y. Zhang, Y. Li, et al., 2007: Horizontal visibility trends in China during 1981–2005. Geophys. Res. Lett., 34, L24706, doi: 10.1029/2007GL031450.
Chen B., J. Huang, P. Minnis, et al., 2010: Detection of dust aerosol by combining CALIPSO active lidar and passive IIR measurements. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 10, 4241–4251.
Conant W. C., J. H. Seinfeld, J. Wang, et al., 2003: A model for the radiative forcing during ACEAsia derived from CIRPAS Twin Otter and R/V Ronald H. Brown data and comparison with observations. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8661, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003260.
Crutzen P. J., and M. O. Andreae, 1990: Biomass burning in the tropics–impact on atmospheric chemistry and biogeochemical cycles. Science, 250, 1669–1678.
de Gouw J. A., O. R. Cooper, C. Warneke, et al., 2004: Chemical composition of air masses transported from Asia to the U. S. West Coast during ITCT 2K2: Fossil fuel combustion versus biomass-burning signatures. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D23S20, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004202.
Dentener F. J., G. R. Carmichael, Y. Zhang, et al., 1996: Role of mineral aerosol as a reactive surface in the global troposphere. J. Geophys. Res., 101, 22869–22889.
Dickerson R. R., S. Kondragunta, G. Stenchikov, et al., 1997: The impact of aerosols on solar ultraviolet radiation and photochemical smog. Science, 278, 827–830.
Draxier R. R., and G. D. Hess, 1998: An overview of the HYSPLIT-4 modelling system for trajectories, dispersion, and deposition. Australian Meteorological Magazine, 47, 295–308.
Duce R. A., C. K. Unni, B. J. Ray, et al., 1980: Longrange atmospheric transport of soil dust from Asia to the tropical North Pacific–Temporal variability. Science, 209, 1522–1524.
Elminir H. K., 2005: Dependence of urban air pollutants on meteorology. Sci. Total Environ., 350, 225–237.
Fowler D., K. Pilegaard, M. A. Sutton, et al., 2009: Atmospheric composition change: Ecosystemsatmosphere interactions. Atmos. Environ., 43, 5193–5267.
Gao Y., R. Arimoto, R. A. Duce, et al., 1997: Temporal and spatial distributions of dust and its deposition to the China Sea. Tellus B, 49, 172–189.
Heald C. L., D. J. Jacob, R. J. Park, et al., 2005: A large organic aerosol source in the free troposphere missing from current models. Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, L18809, doi: 10.1029/2005GL023831.
Heintzenberg J., A. Wiedensohler, T. M. Tuch, et al., 2006: Intercomparisons and aerosol calibrations of 12 commercial integrating nephelometers of three manufacturers. J. Atmos. Oceanic Technol., 23, 902–914.
Holben B. N., T. F. Eck, I. Slutsker, et al., 1998: AERONET-A federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization. Remote Sens. Environ., 66, 1–16.
Horvath H., 1993: Atmospheric light-absorption–A review. Atmos. Environ., 27, 293–317.
Huang J., P. Minnis, B. Chen, et al., 2008a: Longrange transport and vertical structure of Asian dust from CALIPSO and surface measurements during PACDEX. J. Geophys. Res., 113, D23212, doi: 10.1029/2008JD010620.
Huang, Jianping, Zhang Wu, Zuo Jinqing, et al., 2008b: An overview of the semi-arid climate and environment research observatory over the Loess Plateau. Adv. Atmos. Sci., 25, 906–921.
Huang Z. W., J. P. Huang, J. R. Bi, et al., 2010: Dust aerosol vertical structure measurements using three MPL lidars during 2008 China-US joint dust field experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K15, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013273.
Huebert B. J., T. Bates, P. B. Russell, et al., 2003: An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8633, doi: 10.1029/2003JD003550.
Husar R. B., D. M. Tratt, B. A. Schichtel, et al., 2001: Asian dust events of April 1998. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 18317–18330.
IPCC, 2013: Climate Change. The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA, 3–29.
Jacob D. J., J. H. Crawford, M. M. Kleb, et al., 2003: Transport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific (TRACE-P) aircraft mission: Design, execution, and first results. J. Geophys. Res., 108, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003276.
Jaffe D., T. Anderson, D. Covert, et al., 1999: Transport of Asian air pollution to North America. Geophys. Res. Lett., 26, 711–714.
Jaffe D., S. Tamura, and J. Harris, 2005: Seasonal cycle and composition of background fine particles along the west coast of the US. Atmos. Environ., 39, 297–306.
Kalkstein L. S., G. Tan, and J. A. Skindlov, 1987: An evaluation of three clustering procedures for use in synoptic climatological classification. J. Climate Appl. Meteor., 26, 717–730.
Kim S. W., A. Jefferson, S. C. Yoon, et al., 2005: Comparisons of aerosol optical depth and surface shortwave irradiance and their effect on the aerosol surface radiative forcing estimation. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D07204, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004989.
Li C., L. T. Marufu, R. R. Dickerson, et al., 2007a: Insitu measurements of trace gases and aerosol optical properties at a rural site in northern China during East Asian study of tropospheric aerosols: An international regional experiment 2005. J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S04, doi: 10.1029/2006JD007592.
Li C., S. C. Tsay, J. S. Fu, et al., 2010: Anthropogenic air pollution observed near dust source regions in northwestern China during springtime 2008. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K22, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013659.
Li Z. Q., H. Chen, M. Cribb, et al., 2007b: Preface to special section on East Asian studies of tropospheric aerosols: An international regional experiment (EAST-AIRE). J. Geophys. Res., 112, D22S00, doi: 10.1029/2007JD008853.
Littmann T., 1991: Dust storm frequency in Asia–Climatic control and variability. Int. J. Climatol. 11, 393–412.
Mari C., M. J. Evans, P. I. Palmer, et al., 2004: Export of Asian pollution during two cold front episodes of the TRACE-P experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D15S17, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004307.
McKendry I. G., A. M. Macdonald, W. R. Leaitch, et al., 2008: Trans-Pacific dust events observed at Whistler, British Columbia during INTEX-B. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 8, 6297–6307.
Muller T., A. Nowak, A. Wiedensohler, et al., 2009: Angular illumination and truncation of three different integrating nephelometers: Implications for empirical, size-based corrections. Aerosol Sci. Technol., 43, 581–586.
Penner J. E., C. C. Chuang, and K. Grant, 1998: Climate forcing by carbonaceous and sulfate aerosols. Climate Dyn., 14, 839–851.
Petzold A., C. Kopp, and R. Niessner, 1997: The dependence of the specific attenuation cross-section on black carbon mass fraction and particle size. Atmos. Environ., 31, 661–672.
Prospero J. M., 1999a: Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 96, 3396–3403.
Prospero J. M., 1999b: Long-term measurements of the transport of African mineral dust to the southeastern United States: Implications for regional air quality. J. Geophys. Res., 104, 15917–15927.
Prospero J. M., and O. L. Mayol-Bracero, 2013: Understanding the transport and impact of african dust on the Caribbean basin. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc., 94, 1329–1337.
Ramanathan V., P. J. Crutzen, J. Lelieveld, et al., 2001: Indian Ocean experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze. J. Geophys. Res., 106, 28371–28398.
Ramanathan V., and G. Carmichael, 2008. Global and regional climate changes due to black carbon. Nature Geoscience, 1, 221–227.
Rosenfeld D., Y. Rudich, and R. Lahav, 2001: Desert dust suppressing precipitation: A possible desertification feedback loop. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 5975–5980.
Schuster G. L., O. Dubovik, B. N. Holben, et al., 2005: Inferring black carbon content and specific absorption from AERONET retrievals. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D10S17, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004548.
Schwarz J. P., R. S. Gao, J. R. Spackman, et al., 2008: Measurement of the mixing state, mass, and optical size of individual black carbon particles in urban and biomass burning emissions. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, 13810–13814.
Sharma S., J. R. Brook, H. Cachier, et al., 2002: Light absorption and thermal measurements of black carbon in different regions of Canada. J. Geophys. Res., 107, AAC 11–1-AAC 11–11, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002496.
Streets D. G., N. Y. Tsai, H. Akimoto, et al., 2000: Sulfur dioxide emissions in Asia in the period 1985–1997. Atmos. Environ., 34, 4413–4424.
Streets D. G., and S. T. Waldhoff, 2000: Present and future emissions of air pollutants in China: SO2, NOx, and CO. Atmos. Environ., 34, 363–374.
Streets D. G., K. J. Jiang, X. L. Hu, et al., 2001: Climate change—Recent reductions in China’s greenhouse gas emissions. Science, 294, 1835–1837.
Streets D. G., T. C. Bond, G. R. Carmichael, et al., 2003a: An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8809, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003093.
Streets D. G., K. F. Yarber, J. H. Woo, et al., 2003b: Biomass burning in Asia: Annual and seasonal estimates and atmospheric emissions. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 17, 1099, doi: 10.1029/2003GB002040.
Sullivan R. C., S. A. Guazzotti, D. A. Sodeman, et al., 2007: Direct observations of the atmospheric processing of Asian mineral dust. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 7, 1213–1236.
Sun Y. L., G. S. Zhuang, Y. Wang, et al., 2005: Chemical composition of dust storms in Beijing and implications for the mixing of mineral aersol with pollution aerosol on the pathway. J. Geophys. Res., 110, D24209, doi: 10.1029/2005JD006054.
Tegen I., A. A. Lacis, and I. Fung, 1996: The influence on climate forcing of mineral aerosols from disturbed soils. Nature, 380, 419–422.
Tu F. H., D. C. Thornton, A. R. Bandy, et al., 2003: Dynamics and transport of sulfur dioxide over the Yellow Sea during TRACE-P. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8790, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003227.
van Aardenne J. A., G. R. Carmichael, H. Levy, et al., 1999: Anthropogenic NOx emissions in Asia in the period 1990–2020. Atmos. Environ., 33, 633–646.
van Curen R. A., S. S. Cliff, K. D. Perry, et al., 2005: Asian continental aerosol persistence above the marine boundary layer over the eastern North Pacific: Continuous aerosol measurements from Intercontinental Transport and Chemical Transformation 2002 (ITCT 2K2). J. Geophys. Res., 110, D09S90, doi: 10.1029/2004JD004973.
Wang T., T. F. Cheung, Y. S. Li, et al., 2002: Emission characteristics of CO, NOx, SO2 and indications of biomass burning observed at a rural site in eastern China. J. Geophys. Res., 107, ACH 9–1–ACH 9–10, doi: 10.1029/2001JD000724.
Wang T., C. H. Wong, T. F. Cheung, et al., 2004: Relationships of trace gases and aerosols and the emission characteristics at Lin’an, a rural site in eastern China, during spring 2001. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S05, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004119.
Wang X., J. P. Huang, M. X. Ji, et al., 2008: Variability of East Asia dust events and their long-term trend. Atmos. Environ., 42, 3156–3165.
Wang X., J. P. Huang, R. D. Zhang, et al., 2010: Surface measurements of aerosol properties over Northwest China during ARM China 2008 deployment. J. Geophys. Res., 115, D00K27, doi: 10.1029/2009JD013467.
Wang X., S. J. Doherty, and J. P. Huang, 2013: Black carbon and other light-absorbing impurities in snow across northern China. J. Geophys. Res., 118, 1471–1492.
Wang X. P., D. L. Mauzerall, Y. T. Hu, et al., 2005: A high-resolution emission inventory for eastern China in 2000 and three scenarios for 2020. Atmos. Environ., 39, 5917–5933.
Wake C. P., P. A. Mayewski, Z. Li, et al., 1994: Modern eolian dust deposition in central Asia. Tellus, 46B, 220–233.
Welton E. J., J. R. Campbell, J. D. Spinhirne, et al., 2001: Global monitoring of clouds and aerosols using a network of micro-pulse lidar systems. Proc. SPIE, 4153, 151–158, doi: 10.1117/12.417040.
Woo J. H., D. G. Streets, G. R. Carmichael, et al., 2003: Contribution of biomass and biofuel emissions to trace gas distributions in Asia during the TRACEP experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8812, doi: 10.1029/2002JD003200.
Wu G. J., T. D. Yao, B. Q. Xu, et al., 2010: Dust concentration and flux in ice cores from the Tibetan Plateau over the past few decades. Tellus B, 62, 197–206.
Xia X. A., H. B. Chen, P. C. Wang, et al., 2005: Aerosol properties and their spatial and temporal variations over North China in spring 2001. Tellus, 57B, 28–39.
Xia X. G., P. C. Wang, Y. S. Wang, et al., 2008: Aerosol optical depth over the Tibetan Plateau and its relation to aerosols over the Taklimakan Desert. Geophys. Res. Lett., 35, L16804, doi: 10.1029/2008GL034981.
Xu J., M. H. Bergin, R. Greenwald, et al., 2004: Aerosol chemical, physical, and radiative characteristics near a desert source region of Northwest China during ACE-Asia. J. Geophys. Res., 109, D19S03, doi: 10.1029/2003JD004239.
Yuan H., G. Zhuang, J. Li, et al., 2008: Mixing of mineral with pollution aerosols in dust season in Beijing: Revealed by source apportionment study. Atmos. Environ., 42, 2141–2157.
Zhang M. G., I. Uno, G. R. Carmichael, et al., 2003a: Large-scale structure of trace gas and aerosol distributions over the western Pacific Ocean during the Transport and Chemical Evolution Over the Pacific (TRACE-P) experiment. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 8820, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002946.
Zhang Q., D. G. Streets, G. R. Carmichael, et al., 2009: Asian emissions in 2006 for the NASA INTEX-B mission. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 9, 5131–5153.
Zhang R., D. A. Hegg, J. Huang, et al., 2013: Source attribution of insoluble light-absorbing particles in seasonal snow across northern China. Atmos. Chem. Phys., 13, 6091–6099.
Zhang, Renjiang, Xu Yongfu, and Han Zhiwei, 2003b: Inorganic chemical composition and source signature of PM2.5 in Beijing during ACE-Asia period. Chin. Sci. Bull., 48, 1002–1005.
Zhang X. Y., S. L. Gong, R. Arimoto, et al., 2003c: Characterization and temporal variation of Asian dust aerosol from a site in the northern Chinese deserts. J. Atmos. Chem., 44, 241–257.
Zhang X. Y., S. L. Gong, Z. X. Shen, et al., 2003d: Characterization of soil dust aerosol in China and its transport and distribution during 2001 ACE-Asia. 1: Network observations. J. Geophys. Res., 108, 4261, doi: 10.1029/2002JD002632.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Supported by the National Nature Science Foundation of China (41175134, 41105110, and 41305025), Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities of China (LZUJBKY-2014-110), and China 111 Project (B13045).
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, X., Pu, W., Shi, J. et al. A comparison of the physical and optical properties of anthropogenic air pollutants and mineral dust over Northwest China. J Meteorol Res 29, 180–200 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-015-4092-0
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13351-015-4092-0