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Kinetic assessment of iontophoretic delivery efficiency of niosomal tetracycline hydrochloride incorporated in electroconductive gel

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Abstract

The purpose of this study was to conduct the kinetic assessment of iontophoretic delivery of niosomal tetracycline-HCl formulated in an electroconductive gel. Tween-80 and Span-80 were used to obtain tetracycline-HCl niosomes with an average diameter of 101.9 ± 3.3 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.247 ± 0.004, a zeta potential of − 34.1 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 70.08 ± 0.16%. Four different gel preparations, two of which contained niosomal tetracycline-HCl, were transdermally delivered using Franz diffusion cells under the trigger effect of iontophoresis, applied at 0.2, 0.5, and 1 mA/cm2 current density. The control group was the passive diffusion results of the preparation made using a tetracycline-HCl-based drug marketed in Turkey. The control group was compared with the groups that contained (a) tetracycline-HCl in an electroconductive gel, (b) the niosomal tetracycline-HCl formulation in water, and (c) the niosomal tetracycline-HCl formulation in the electroconductive gel. The group with the niosomal formulation in the electroconductive gel displayed the highest increase in iontophoretic transdermal delivery relative to the control group, displaying a 2-, 2.1-, and 2.2-fold increase, respectively, by current density. The experimental results of transdermal delivery using the synergistic effect of niosomal formulation in electroconductive gel and the trigger effect of iontophoresis appeared to divert slightly from zero-order kinetics, demonstrating a statistically significant increase in the rate of controlled transdermal drug delivery. Considering that about 20% of the formulation is transdermally delivered in the first half-hour, the iontophoretic transdermal delivery of niosomal tetracycline-HCl can be efficiently used in local iontophoretic therapy.

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Availability of data and materials

If needed, the datasets used in this study can be obtained from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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No funding agency, whether public, commercial, or not-for-profit, provided any specific grant for this research.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Gulengul Duman, Burcu Uner & Meltem Macit

  2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Ecem Gucu, Feride Sermin Utku & Sevval Sarialtin

  3. Department of Pharmaceutical and Administrative Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Health Science and Pharmacy in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

    Burcu Uner

  4. Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey

    Mustafa Ozilgen

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  1. Gulengul Duman
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Contributions

SS, EG, MM, BU: methodology, validation, data curation, formal analysis. BU: imaging and instrumentation. MM: statistical analysis. EG: iontophoresis, kinetics, draft writing. MO: kinetics; GD, FSU: conceptualization, methodology, kinetics, draft writing, model writing, writing—review and editing, supervision, project administration, formal analysis.

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Correspondence to Burcu Uner.

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Duman, G., Gucu, E., Utku, F.S. et al. Kinetic assessment of iontophoretic delivery efficiency of niosomal tetracycline hydrochloride incorporated in electroconductive gel. Drug Deliv. and Transl. Res. 14, 1206–1217 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13346-023-01452-2

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